Description
Actions taken to protect patients and office personnel from such known hazards as particles and aerosols from highspeed rotary instruments, mercury vapor, radiation exposure, anesthetic and sedative gases, falls, inadequate sterilization, cuts, puncture wounds, and laboratory accidents.
CHAPTER I
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. Industrial safety or employee safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents. In today’s competitive world many organization are adopting advance technology. It has both merits and demerits. Increasing technologies involves high risk, where the question of safety arises. The life of industrial worker is full of risk. Every year lakhs of employees are injured in factories, mines etc. The main reasons for such activities are due to either unsafe act or unsafe condition. Today employers are obligated to give their employees a safe and secured work environment.
The main purpose of effective safety program in organizations is to prevent work related injuries and accidents.
SAFETY IN INDUSTRY
The modern safety movement started around 1912 with the first cooperative Safety Congress and the organization of the National Safety Council in U.S.A.
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Safety is prior to security. According to this concept, the present Factories Act ensures several safety measures.
The importance of industrial safety was realized because every year millions of industrial accidents occur which result in either death or temporary and permanent disablement of the employees and involve a good amount of cost such as resulting from waste man-hours, machine hours, etc.
Safety is primarily the responsibility of the management. This responsibility should rest on the shoulder of all cadres of management: such as production manager, personnel manager, maintenance engineer, safety officer. Every organization should formulate and implement a safety procedure.
NEED FOR SAFETY
Safety in industry helps, ? Increase the rate of production. ? Reduce the production cost. ? Reduce the damage to equipment and machinery. ? Prevent the premature death of talented workers who are an asset to the society. ? Prevent the needless pain and suffering to the employees.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ? It saves costs ? It improves productivity ? It develops morale ? Safety is a legal requirement
EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS
Accidents result in untold miseries, sufferings and financial losses to the employees. It also costs the employer heavily by way of medical expenses, compensation, loss of production, damage to machines, etc.
Effects of accidents in industry are frightening. Millions of man-hours are lost on account of accidents in industry. Human suffering and pecuniary losses accompanying such accidents are terrible Cost of productions will be high if the rate of accidents is high. Accidents will spread a sense of insecurity and fear among the workers. It lowers the worker’s morale.
Good industrial relations will be difficult in a factory where accidents will have a detrimental effect on public relations. The worker involved in the accident as well as other workers will develop a sense of frustration. Disablement on account of accidents affects the income of the workers and in some cases results in unemployment. Hence it is necessary for an organization to implement an effective safety measures.
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1.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE
INCEPTION
Ashok Leyland is a commercial vehicle manufacturing company based in Chennai. The company was established in 1948 as Ashok motors with an aim to assemble Austin cars. Manufacturing of commercial vehicles was started in 1955 with equity contribution from Leyland motors. Today the company is the Hinduja group, an England-based Indian group they have a market share of around 30%.
TYPE OF INDUSTRY
In 1948, an Ashok motor as set up in what then madras (now Chennai) for the assembly of Austin cars. They company’s destiny and name changed son with equity participations by British Leyland and Ashok Leyland commenced manufacture of commercial vehicles in 1955.
Early products included the Leyland come bus chassis, which sold in large numbers to many operators, including Hyderabad road transport, Ahmedabad municipality, Travancore state transport, and Bombay state transport and Delhi road transport authority. By 1963 the comb was operated by every state transport undertaking in India, and over 8000 were in service.
The comet was soon joined by a version of the Leyland tiger. In 1968 production of the Leyland titan ceased in Britain, but was restarted by Ashok
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Leyland in India. The titan pd3 chassis was modified and a fire speed heavy duly constant-mesh gearbox utilized together with the Ashok Leyland version of the 0.680 engines. The Ashok Leyland titan was very successful, and continued in production for many years.
Ashok Leyland vehicles have built a reputation for reliability and ruggedness. The 3,75,000 vehicles being put on the roads have considerably eased the additional pressure placed on road transportation in independent India.
Ashok Leyland is a technology leader in the commercial vehicle sector of India. It’s a annual turnover exceeds USD 1 billion selling around 86000 medium and heavy vehicle each year, Ashok Leyland is India’s largest exporter of medium of heavy duty trucks out of India.
It is also one of the largest private sector employers in India with about 12000 employees working in 6 factories spread over the length and breadth of India.
Its 2006-07 turnover is USD 2 billion, with international operations contributing over USD 100 million. The company’s international operations span over 30 countries in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. In 2006, the company expanded its international footprint by acquiring the truck business unit of Avia A.S. in Prague and signing an MoU to set up a bus assembly unit in RAS al Khaimah, UAE.
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Committed to total quality management, Ashok Leyland is the country’s first automotive manufacturer to obtain the coveted ISO 9002 certification followed by the more comprehensive ISO 9001:1994 certification, QS 9000 and ISO 14001. Ashok Leyland is also the first automobile company in India to receive the world-renowned TS 16949 corporate certification in 2006. These are major milestones in the company’s TQM journey.
Making all this happen is a team of 12000 who master the everchanging technologies and market environment in a culture of continuous learning.
With six manufacturing locations at Chennai, Hosur (three plants), Alwar and Bhandara, the company has an annual production capacity of 84000 vehicles.
BRANCHES
Starting with the first unit at Ennore Ashok Leyland now has size manufacturing plants the mother unit at near Chennai supported by a frame unit at Ambattur, two plants at Hosur, the assembly plant at Alwar, Bhandara. The total covered spaces at these five plants exceed well over 45000sq.m. and together employ around 10000 personnel.
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ENNORE
Totally it covers 127 acres, Ashok Leyland Ennore is the highly integrated mother plant accounting for over 50% of Ashok Leyland total production. The plant manufacturing wide range of vehicles and houses production facilities are very more. Main aggregates such as engines, gearbox, axles and other key in house components.
ENNORE PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
SHOP 1 • CHASSIS ASSEMBLY • FRONT AXLE ASSEMBLY • AXLE ARM MACHINERY • AXLE BEAM MACHINERY • GEAR BOX ASSEMBLY • CAMSHAFT GEAR • INTERMEDIATE GEAR • FLIP GEAR MACHINERY • TOOTH GRINDING
SHOP 2 • CAMSHAFT • CYLINDER HEAD • DRIVING HEAD • BEASING CAP • CLUTCH FACING
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• ENGINE ASSEMBLY • INDUSTRIAL ENGINE DRESSING • MARINE ENGINE DRESSING • AUTO DRESSING • CLUTCH ASSEMBLY • ENGINE TESTING
SHOP 3 • SHEET CUTTING • PUNCHING SHAPING ASSEMBLY • REVITING • FRONT ASSEMBLY • TRACH ROD LINKS • STEERING LINES • HUB LINE REAR HUB FRONT HUG • TOOL GRINDING • LEVELER
SHOP 4 • DIF CAGE • KING PIN • REAR AXLE ASSEMBLY • FRONT AXLE ASSEMBLY • DIT CAR REAR
SHOP 5 • SHUT DOWN
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HOSUR 1
It was established in 1980 Hosur 1 is the engine manufacturing center within Ashok Leyland production system. A part from diesel engines, they also manufacturing engines under license from HIMO of Japan IVECO of Italy. It is also assembles, heavy a duty vehicles the facility is spread over 103 acres.
HOSUR 2
Ashok Leyland established this state of the art production facility in 1994 at Hosur to mainly cater to production of cargo range of vehicles with technology from IVECO of Italy. It spread over 236 acres, Hosur 2 houses finished and assembly facilities including sophisticated painting facilities.
ALWAR
Established in 1982 in the northern start of Rajasthan, Alwar unit is primarily an assembly plant of wide range of vehicles with an emphasis on passenger chassis including CNG buses
BHANDARA
Ashok Leyland Bhandara unit is also an assembly plant for vehicles, but in addition, houses modern manufacturing and assembly facilities for sophisticated transmission for Ashok Leyland and cargo range of vehicles.
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ASHOK LEYLAND GROUP OF COMPANIES • AUTOMOTIVE COACHES & COMPONENTS LIMITED • LANKA ASHOK LEYLAND • ASHOK LEYLAND PROJECT SERVICES LIMITED • ENNORE FOUNDRIES • IRIZAR – TVS
PRODUCTS
BUSES: • VIKING BS – 2 • VIKING BS – 3 • BANTHER BS – 2 • VIKING CNG • 12M BUS – BS – 2 • CHEETAH BS – 2 • CHEETAH BS – 3
DOUBLE DECKER: • STAGE BS – 2 • AIRPORT TARMAC COACH • VESTIBULE BUS – BS – 3
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TRUCK: • 4X2 HAULAGE MODELS • 4X2 AND MULTI AXLE TIPPERS • MULTI AXLE VEHICLES • TRACTORS • ECOMET
SPECIAL VEHICLE: • RAPID INTERVENTION VEHICLES 4X2 • HIPPO TRACTORS • BEAVER TRACTOR • BEAVER HAULGE • FIELD HAULAGE • STALLION MK III TIPPER • HIPPO TIPPER
DEFENCE VEHICLES: • YAK – 4X4 • LIGHT RECOVERY VEHICLES 4X4 • STALLION 4X4 MK III • FIELD ARTILLERY TRACTOR 6X6 ETC.
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BOARD OF DIRECTORS
MR. R.J.SHAHANEY, CHAIRMAN MR. D.G. HINDUJA, CO-CHAIRMAN (ALTERNATE: MR. Y M KALE) MR.D.J.BALAJI RAO MR.A.K.DAS MR. P.N. GHATALIA MR. S.R. KRISHNA SWAMY MR. F. SAHAMI MR. SHARDUL S SHROFF MR. A. SPARE MR. SUBIR RAHA MR.R. SESHASAYEE, MANAGING DIRECTOR.
CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER M. VINOD K DASARI.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
MR. J.N. AMROLIA MR. ANUP BHAT MR.S. BALASUBRAMANIUM MR.A.R. CHANDARASEKHARAN MR.A.K JAIN MR.R. MALHAN MR.M. NATRAJ
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FUTURE PLAN
Be among the top Indian corporations acknowledge nationally and internationally for, ? Excellence in quality of its products ? Excellence in customer focus and service
Much before emission regulations came. R&D engineers an Ashok Leyland have been addressing the twin concerns of fuel – efficiency and emissions. In 1997, when the company launched the country’s to tame compressed natural gas to power commercial vehicles. The company’s CNG – run bus is a non – polluting, eco-friendly signpost with a great promise. Mumbai’s best and the Delhi transport corporation run Ashok Leyland’s cng buses. As on date, more than 2500 of these CNG buses are on road. In 2002 yet another frontier technology was conquered when the company unveiled India’s first hybrid electric bus. The company’s All-India customer base is served through an AllIndia sales and service network supplemented by over 250 service points. The parts operation, to ensure availability of genuine spares to the customers, is supported by 15 warehouses.
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CHAPTER II
PROJECT PROFILE
2.1 TITLE OF THE PROJECT
The topic chosen for the study is “A Study on Employees perception on Effectiveness of Safety Measures and Work Environment ”
2.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
Maintaining a safe and healthy working environment is not only an important human resources issue, it's the law.This topic is chosen because in most of the organization, accident occurs due to various reasons.
This study is done to analyze the present level of safety and work environment practices in the organization and suggest methods for continual improvement to prevent accidents.
The Management needs to know which are the measures that can be implemented quickly and effectively, so that both the employees as well as the organization can be benefited.
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2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study on employees perception on effectiveness on safety measures and work environment is explosively conducted for Ashok Leyland Limited, targeted to the shop floor level employee’s. This topic is of significant interest in today’s modern industry as it involves the interest of both the management and the employee’s and has an impact on morale and satisfaction level of the employee’s.
The study attempts to bring about various problems associated with the safety and work environment, which hampers the production of the organization. The study also gives feed back regarding the perception of the employees on the present system and their expectation from the company towards it and it varies from individuals.
This in turn gave the study a wide and large scope for analysis. The study also covers the tools to improve safety measures and work environment which will help to improve the employee’s morale and increase in the productivity of the organization.
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2.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
? To Study the Employees perception on effectiveness of safety measures and work environment.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
? To find out the awareness of safety measures and safety provisions among the employees. ? To study how far the employees are satisfied with the safety measures and work environment. ? To find the impact of industrial safety and work environment on productivity. ? To identify the employees attitude towards safety measures and work environment. ? Based on the study to make recommendation on safety measures and work environment that would reward both the employee as well as the employer.
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CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Every year, throughout the world, millions of accidents occurs in industries some of them are fatal and results in permanent disablement, complete are partial; the majority cause only temporary disablement, which however may last for several months.
Loss of lives and accidents costs gradually led to the formation of factories act. The requirement for consideration of safety by management as part of its responsibility arises primarily from these acts.
SAFETY COMMITTEE
? The function of safety committee is to ensure the establishment of safe working conditions in an organization. ? The size of the safety committee depends on the size of the organization, and generally includes executives, superiors, and shop floor workers. ? Thus the lower level employees get a channel of communication on safety matters direct to executive levels. ? It was observed that those organizations that made safety committees had lower record of accidents than those without safety committees. ? Lastly, to get maximum out of safety committee ? It should be assigned specific problems and duties such as planning safety rules, publishing them.
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? Its members should be asked to go on the shop floor and watch what is being done about is (i.e., the safety) ? It should be asked to report periodically as what improvements have been made and what more can be done.
SAFETY PROGRAMME
? A safety programme tends to discover when, where and why accidents occur. ? A safety programme aims at reducing accidents and the losses associated with them. ? A safety programme begins with the assumption that most workconcerned accidents can be prevented. ? A safety programme does not have an end; rather it is a continuous process to achieves adequate safety. ? A safety programme tries to reduce the influence of personnel and environmental factors that cause accidents. ? A safety programme involves providing safety equipments and special training to employees.
SAFETY ENGINEERING
The adoption of proper engineering procedures to minimize and, if possible, eliminate work hazards is fundamental to any organized safety programme. New products, processes and machines are designed, and full attention is paid to safety engineering in design, layout and installation. The
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most important function of safety engineering is to eliminate the risks posed by the operation of machines, by the processes of the manufacture of products and by the structure and layout of plants and equipments.
Material handling is the most prolific source of accidents. Hence, the flow of materials during all the stages of the manufacture of a product should be properly planned to eliminate hazards. The flow of work between machines and departments should be facilitated by the provision of proper equipment, and there should be well-designed and well- marked storage spaces, roadways to ensure risk-free performance of work.
In addition, there should be a well-designed system for the detection, prevention and control of fires. For this purpose, adequate fire-fighting equipment, including foam, vapor liquid, carbon dioxide, dry chemical fire extinguishers, high-pressure waterlines, sprinklers, fire pads and sand and axes should be maintained.
SAFETY INSPECTION
Safety inspection are designed to examine a specific area of the organization operational department or manufacturing process – in order to locate and define any faults in the system, equipments, plant or machines, or any operational errors that might be the source of accidents. Line manager and supervisor with the advice and help of safety officer should carry out safety inspection on a regular and systematic basis.
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SAFETY INDUCTIONS AND TRAINING
? This is essential for educating the employees to think, act and work safely so that the number of accidents can be minimized. ? Safety training and education gives knowledge about safe and unsafe mechanical conditions, personal practices and of the remedial measures. ? Safety training involves:
A. Induction and orientation of new recruits to safety rules and practices. B. Explaining safety functions, during on the job training. C. Formulating employee safety committees. D. Holding of special employee safety meetings. E. Displaying charts, posters, films etc to emphasize the need to act safely.
COMMUNICATIONS ROLE IN SAFETY
Communication plays an important role in spreading the safety practices among the employees .The following steps can be taken to increase the effectiveness of safety messages
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? Avoid negatives: Successful safety propaganda should contain positive messages, not warning of the unpleasant consequences of actions. ? Expose correctly: Address the message to the right people at the point of danger. ? Use attention – getting technique carefully: Lurid images may only be remembered for what they are, not for the message they are trying to convey. ? Maximize comprehension:
Message should be simple and specific. ? Message must be believable: They should address real issues and be perceived as doing something about it. ? Message must point the way to action: The most effective messages call for positive actions that can be achieved by the receiver and will offer them a tangible benefit.
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ACCIDENTS
According to the Factories act 1948, accidents can be explained, as “it is an occurrence in industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person who makes the employee unable to resume his duties in the next 48 hours”.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS/ COST OF ACCIDENTS
An accident can be very costly to the injured employee as well as to the employer of the concern. There are definite costs associated with the accidents. They are ? Direct costs of an accident: 1) Compensation insurance including payment and overhead cost. 2) Uncompensated wage losses of the injured employee. 3) Cost of medical care and hospitalization. ? Indirect costs of accident: 1) 2) 3) Costs of damage to equipments, materials and plant. Costs of wages paid for time lost by workers not injured. Costs of wages paid to injured workers.
4) Costs of safety engineers, supervisors and staff in investigating, recording and reporting of accidents and its causes. 5) 6) Costs of replacing the injured employees. Cost of lowered production by the substitute worker.
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7)
Cost of delay in production due to accident.
8) Cost of reduction in efficiency of the injured worker when he joins the concern after getting recovered.
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
Industrial accidents are the end products of unsafe acts and unsafe condition of work. However, accidents are preventable-they do not just happen. They usually occur as the result of the combination of a number of factors, in which the three main ones are technical equipment, the working environment and the worker.
In addition, the workers themselves may be a contributory factor in that they may not have received adequate training or may have little experience of the task. This is particularly relevant when new procedures are introduced into a factory or when people change jobs.
Ultimately, all industrial accidents are either directly or indirectly attributable to human failings. People are not machines their performance is nor fully predictable and mistakes are made. If the causes of accidents can be found the appropriate measures can be taken to prevent them. If the preventive measures are not taken, the same type of accidents will occur repeatedly.
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UNSAFE CONDITION
It includes: Mechanical factors, Environmental factors
Mechanical factors:
1. Improperly guarded equipments 2. Defective equipments 3. Hazardous arrangement or procedure in and around machines or equipments 4. Unsafe mechanical design or constructions 5. Inadequate safety devices Protruding nails.
Environmental factors: 1. Wrong and faulty layout, and bad location 2. Improper illumination- glare, insufficient light 3. Improper ventilation-insufficient air charge, impure air source 4. Poor house keeping 5. Noise, bad odour and flash coming from the nearby machinery or process
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UNSAFE ACT
It includes: Personal Factors 1. Failing to use safety equipments 2. Operating without authority 3. Working at unsafe speed 4. Lack of knowledge and skill 5. Failure to abide with the rules and regulations of the company 6. Day- dreaming and inattentiveness
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
There are several ways by which accidents can be prevented. The national safety council, USA says that accident prevention depends on the 3E’s - engineering, education, enforcement; the job should be engineered for safety, employees should be educated in safety procedures, and safety rules should be properly enforced.
In actual practice, accident prevention boils down to two basic activities; reducing unsafe conditions and reducing unsafe acts.
1. Accident prevention is highly essential is an industry, in order to ? Prevent injury to and premature death of employees ? Reduce operating cost ? Have good employer-employees relation ? Improve the morale of employees
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2. Above all, prevention of accidents is a true humanitarian concern 3. Accident prevention does not occur by itself; there should be consistent implementation of safety measures an safety programmes emphasizing the need for ? Safe workplace layout and working condition ? Safe material handling ? Personal protective devices ? Safety activities in the organization
ACCIDENT REPORTS AND RECORDS
Proper reports and record of the accidents have to be maintained by an organization in the prescribed manner and complete information about an accident and circumstances attending the death or disablement of a work or any other serious injury to him has to be submitted to the government.
Accident records should be maintained in detail and should contain the following items: ? The total number of employees in the unit who are exposed to different type of the accidents; ? The severity of the accident – whether it resulted in a broken bone, a deep cut -and the time that was lost as result of it; ? The kind of work or occupation in which the employee was engaged; ? The date, time and day, and the shift during which the accidents occurred;
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? The total number of years during which the employee was engaged on that particular job when the accidents occurred; ? Personal data, including the age and health of the injured employee; ? The immediate cause of the accidents- whether it was the result of malfunctioning of a machine, or whether the employee failed to use the safety devices provided for the purpose of preventing accidents, etc. COLOURS As an aid to safety, colours are used to identify and mark out the dangerous parts of a machine. Accordingly yellow or orange colours are used to indicate dangerous materials or parts of equipments; green, white or black for safe material or parts of machine, blue for protective machines and red for fire- fighting’s and fire protection materials and equipments. The British standards institute has recommended a 3 colour code: - red to indicate that a person should stop; orange giving warning of danger and green to identify safe equipment, escape routes and first-aid materials. Hence we can say colour plays a vital role in maintaining a safe work environment.
SAFETY MEASURES AND PROVISIONS
Safety is prior to security. According to this concept, the present Factories Act ensures several safety measures and safety provisions. It includes
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Safety provisions: ? Fencing of machinery ? Training and supervision of young persons ? Self acting machines ? Protection of eyes ? Precaution against falls. ? Excessive weights ? Cleaning of machinery by women and children should not be allowed ? Precautions against dangerous fumes ? Precaution in case of fire ? Maintenance of buildings ? Safe guards in connection with transmission machinery
Safety measures: ? Appointment of safety officers ? Training to all new employees ? Inspection of machines and plants ? Providing safety equipments ? Forming a safety committee ? Reporting the safety accidents and maintain accident analysis report ? Careful and frequent inspection of works to ensure that gang-ways are clear
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Statutory provisions under the factories act 1948 insist the following preventive measures.
1) Cleanliness 2) Disposal of waste and effluent 3) Ventilation and temperature 4) Dust and fumes 5) Lighting 6) Drinking water 7) Providing first aid appliances
HOUSE KEEPING Definition and concept
The term house keeping has been borrowed from the maintenance of domestic properties in the house and is now liberally applied to the maintenance of both cleanliness and order in all kinds of business establishments, e.g., industries.
Cleanliness is a condition wherein buildings, work and rest areas, machinery, equipments and tools are kept free from dirt, dust, stains etc.
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NECESSITY OF GOOD HOUSE KEEPING Good plant house keeping is essential in order to:
1. Make and maintain a clean, neat and orderly factory work area and its surroundings. 2. Make work area look pleasant, more satisfying and motivate for a worker. 3. Minimize fatigue and discomfort to the workers. 4. Minimize injury and accidents. 5. Increase the life of plant, buildings and the facilities it contains. 6. Avoid fire and other hazards. 7. Permit effective natural illumination and ventilation
ADVANTAGES OF GOOD HOUSE KEEPING 1. Fewer accidents. 2. Increased life of buildings, machinery, tools, etc. 3. Improved employee morale. 4. Increased production. 5. Better product quality. 6. Continuous cleaning reduces housekeeping costs because intermittent lean up is more expensive. 7. Little or no time is lost in searching for tools etc. 8. Material handling and transportation pick up speed. 9. Inspection, maintenance and production control functions become easier.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Business research can be described as an organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it. In this study the objective is to study the employee’s perception on safety measures and work environment
4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The study undertaken is descriptive in nature. The goal of the descriptive study is to offer the researcher a profile or to describe relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-oriented or other prospective.
4.2 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
PRIMARY DATA:
Primary data refer to information obtained first hand by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study. Primary data was collected by the method of survey by using structured questionnaire.
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SECONDARY DATA:
Secondary data refers to the information gathered from the sources already existing. Secondary data pertaining to this study are collected from company manuals, books, journals, magazines and web sites.
4.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Structured Questionnaire is been framed which contains both open ended and close ended questions.
4.4 SAMPLING
SAMPLING UNIT: Sampling unit are those who are to be surveyed from the total population. Here the sampling units are the employees of Ashok Leyland Limited. SAMPLING SIZE: The sample size is 157 Employees.
SAMPLING METHODS:
The sampling procedure adopted in the research is Probability sampling. In specific “Stratified disproportionate Sampling”. Here the universe is divided into strata on the basis of department.
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4.5 ANALYSIS TOOLS 1) PERCENTAGE METHOD
Percentage refers to a special kind of ratio. Percentage is used in making comparisons between two or more series of data. Percentage method is used to describe the relationship. No. Of Respondents Percentage of Respondent = Total No. Of Respondents Percentage is used in processing the data. Bar-charts, cone-charts and piecharts are used to explain the tabulation clearly. * 100
2) CHI-SQUARE TEST
Chi-square test is used to find out whether there exists relationship among various groups. Chi-square can be calculated using the formula (Oi-Ei) 2 ?
2
= Ei
Where, Oi = Observed frequencies Ei = Expected frequencies Expected frequencies is calculated using the formula Ei = RT * CT N
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RT = Row total for the containing the cell. CT = Column total for the column containing the cell. N = the total number of observation.
The calculated value of chi-square is compared with the table value of chi-square for given degree of freedom at specified level of significance. If the calculated value is greater than the table value, then the null hypothesis is rejected and if calculated value is less than table null hypothesis is accepted.
3) WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD
When the relative importance of the different observations is not the same, we compute weighted average method. The term “WEIGHT” stands for the relative importance of the different observations. The formula for computing weighted average method is as follows:
FORMULA: XW = WiXi / Wi Where, XW = Weighted Average Method Xi = Variable Wi = Weight attached to the variable Xi
4.6 LIMITATION
? The respondents were busy in their schedule. ? The sample size was restricted to 157
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CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
TABLE NO: 5.1.1 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON AGE Age Group 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 &Above TOTAL SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.1 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON AGE No of Respondents 0 15 75 67 157 Percentage 0 9.55 47.77 42.68 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 &Above 9.55 47.77 42.68
INFERENCE: Among the employee’s 47.77% belong to the age group of 41-50.The next highest frequency distribution is in the age group of 51 & above.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.2 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON EXPERIENCE Experience Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.2 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON EXPERIENCE No of Respondents 0 3 66 88 157 Percentage 0 1.91 42.04 56.05 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
56.05 42.04
0
0
1.91
0 11 -2 21 & ov Ab e
RI EN CE Be lo w 5
INFERENCE:
by 11-20 years.
56.05% of the employees are having experience of more than 21 years followed
EX
PE
510
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TABLE NO: 5.1.3 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON INCOME
Income 10000-15000 15001-20000 20,001 & Above TOTAL SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.3 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON INCOME No of Respondents 22 60 75 157 Percentage 14. 01 38. 22 47. 77 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10000-15000 15001-20000 20,001 & Above 14.01 38.22 47.77
INFERENCE: 47.77% of the employee’s fall under the income group of 20001 & above.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.4 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY PROVISIONS
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total No of Respondents 18 124 14 0 1 157 Percentage 11.46 78.98 8.92 0 0.64 100
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.4 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY PRO
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 11.46 10 0
VISI
78.98
ONS
8.92 0 0.64
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at is
sa
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iss
INFERENCE: 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with implementation of safety provisions in the organizations. From this we can infer that organization has taken special care in making the employees understand about the safety provisions.
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H
ly
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Sa
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TABLE NO: 5.1.5 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY MEASURES
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total
SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 17 117 21 0 2 157
Percentage 10.83 74.52 13.38 0 1.27 100
CHART NO: 5.2.5 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY MEASURES
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
74.52
10.83
13.38 0 1.27
d
H ig hl y
D is
INFERENCE: 74.52% of the respondents are satisfied with the safety measures provided to them. Hence we can infer from the above chart that the organization is implementing the right safety measures which makes the employees satisfied.
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is sa tis fie d
ie d
N eu tra l
Sa tis f
sa tis fie d
sa
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TABLE NO: 5.1.6 EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY
Factors To a great extend To some extent To a little extend No idea Total SOURCE: Primary Data
No. Of Respondent 65 67 23 2 157
Percentage 41.40 42.68 14.65 1.27 100
CHART NO: 5.2.6 EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 42.68
41.4
14.65 1.27 To a great extend To some extent To a little extend No idea
INFERENCE: 42.68% of the respondents feel that productivity increases to some extend due to practicing of industrial safety & good work environment.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.7 RATE OF ACCIDENT FOR THE PAST ONE-YEAR
Factors Yes No Total SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.7 RATE OF ACCIDENT FOR THE PAST ONE YEAR
No. of Respondents 19 138 157
Percentage 12.10 87.90 100
12.1
87.9
Yes
INFERENCE:
No
87.90% of the employees have not met with the accident while 12.10% of the employees have met with the accident during the working hours. Hence the organization has to find out the root cause for the accidents and take measures to reduce the accidents.
41
TABLE NO: 5.1.8 PERIOD OF ACCIDENT Factors General shift Day shift Night shift Total SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.8 PERIOD OF ACCIDENT
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 General shift Day shift Night shift 21.05 26.32 52.63
No. of Respondents 4 5 10 19
Percentage 21.05 26.32 52.63 100
INFERENCE: 52.63% of the accident occurs during night shift. Hence the organization should find out the problems faced by the employees during night shift and take necessary steps to avoid accidents.
42
TABLE NO: 5.1.9 MAJOR CAUSE FOR ACCIDENT IN THE WORKPLACE
S.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 Factors I II III 49 37 15 Unsafe working condition 10 15 20 Health problem 1 10 14 Family problems 4 26 52 Over workload 5 28 48 Communication gap Not following the prescribed rules 88 41 9 IV V VI TOTAL
21 30 26 44 29 7 18 50 50 13 18 8 17 32 56 18 29 4 157 157 157 157 157 157
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.9 MAJOR CAUSES FOR ACCIDENT IN THE WORK PLACE
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1
INFERENCE: Out of 157 respondents 88 employees feels that not following the prescribed rules is the major cause for accident in the workplace. Hence the organization should take necessary steps to find out whether all the employees are following the prescribed rules.
Unsafe working condition Health problem Family problems Over workload Communication gap Not following the prescribed rules 2 3 4 5 6
43
TABLE NO: 5.1.10 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON FIRST-AID Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.10 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON FIRST-AID
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8.28 11.46 0 1.27
No. Of Respondents 13 124 18 0 2 157
Percentage 8.28 78.98 11.46 0 1.27 100
78.98
d
tis fie d
iss at is fie
sa tis
eu t
N
ig h
D
INFERENCE: 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with the first-aid provided by the organization at the time of accidents.
44
H
ig h
H
ly
Di s
Sa
ly
sa
tis fie
fie
ra l
d
d
TABLE NO: 5.1.11 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 30 118 13 1 0 157
Percentage 19.11 71.97 8.28 0.64 0 100
CHART NO: 5.2.11 EMPLOYEE OPINION ON SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 19.11 8.28 0.64 0
71.97
d
fie
fie d
ra l
fie
iss at is
sa
tis
N
ig h
D
INFERENCE: 71.97% of the employees are satisfied with the safety equipments provided by the organization.
45
H
ig h
H
ly
Di s
Sa
ly
sa tis
tis
eu t
fie
d
d
0
TABLE NO: 5.1.12 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENTS Safety Equipments Shoes Goggles Nose mask Ear Muff Helmet Safety belt HIGHLY IMPORTANT 65 93 90 66 53 40 IMPORTANT 88 63 65 87 87 92 NOT IMPORTANT 4 1 2 4 17 25 157 157 157 157 157 157 TOTAL
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.12 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
70 60
Percentage
50 40 30 20 10 0 Highly important Important Not important
m as k
N
Safety Equipments
INFERENCE: 59.23 % of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared to other safety equipments.
el m et Sa fe ty be lt
oe s
gl
es
G og
Sh
os e
Ea
rM
H
uf f
46
TABLE NO: 5.1.13 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE EFFORTS TAKEN BY THE ORGANIZATION TO ENSURE EMPLOYEE SAFETY
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total
SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 35 106 15 1 0 157
Percentage 22.29 67.52 9.55 0.64 0 100
CHART NO: 5.2.13 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE EFFORTS TAKEN BY ORGANIZATION TO ENSURE SAFETY
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 22.29 9.55 0.64 0 67.52
d
l
d
eu tra
fie
d
fie
sa tis
at is fie
ly
iss
ig h
D
H
INFERENCE: 67.52% of the employees are satisfied with the efforts taken by the organization to ensure safety.
47
H
ig h
ly
D
iss at is
tis
Sa
N
fie
d
TABLE NO: 5.1.14 TRAINING PROGRAM FOR SAFETY
Factors Yes No Total
No. of Respondents 105 52 157
Percentage 66.88 33.12 100
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.14 TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR SAFETY
33.12
66.88
Yes
No
INFERENCE: 66.88% of the respondents have undergone training program conducted by the organization. Hence the organization should take steps to identify the employees who have not undergone training programme through verification of records.
48
TABLE NO: 5.1.15 TYPES OF TRAINING PROGRAME Factors Electrical safety Chemical safety Health safety General safety measures Machine safety Fire safety Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.15 TYPES OF TRAINING PROGRAMME
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Fire safety General safety measures Electrical safety Health safety
No. of Respondents 20 8 11 39 19 52 149
Percentage 13.42 5.37 7.38 26.17 12.75 34.90 100
34.9 26.17
13.42 5.37 7.38
12.75
0
Chemical safety
INFERENCE: 34.90% of the employees have under gone fire safety training programme and 26.17% have undergone general safety measure programmes.
49
Machine safety
TABLE NO: 5.1.16 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.16 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMME
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
ly sa ti
No. of Respondents 8 76 21 0 0 105
Percentage 7.62 72.38 20 0 0 100
72.38
20 7.62 0
ie sf d tis Sa d fie N eu l tra D a iss ti ie sf d ly s Di sa fie tis d
0
H
h ig
H
h ig
INFERENCE: 72.38% of the employees are satisfied with the safety training programme that they have undergone in the company.
50
TABLE NO: 5.1.17 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON WORK ENVIRONMENT
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total
SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 18 99 34 6 0 157
Percentage 11.46 63.06 21.66 3.82 0 100
CHART NO: 5.2.17 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON WORK ENVIRONMENT
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
63.06
21.66 11.46 3.82 0
sa tis fie d
eu tra l
Sa tis fie d
N
tis fie d iss a D H ig hl y
ig hl y
INFERENCE: 63.06% of the employees are satisfied with the work environment.
H
51
D
iss a
tis fie d
TABLE NO: 5.1.18 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON ELECTRIFICATION IN THE SHOP FLOOR Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.18 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON ELECTRIFICATION IN THE SHOP FLOOR No. of Respondents 16 87 46 8 0 157 Percentage 10. 19 55. 41 29.30 5.10 0 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10.19
55.41
29.3
5.1
0
tra l N eu
52
d
INFERENCE: 55.41% of the respondents are satisfied with electrical connections. the organization should ensure that all the electrical connections are properly fixed.
D is sa tis fie H ig d hl y D is sa tis fie d
tis fie
sa
H ig hl
y
Sa
tis
fie d
TABLE NO: 5.1.19 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON CONDITIONS OF MACHINES
Factors Excellent Good Fair Poor Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.19 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON CONDITIONS OF MACHINE
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Excellent Good Fair Poor 19.74 12.74 67.52
No. of Respondents 31 106 20 0 157
Percentage 19.74 67.52 12.74 0 100
INFERENCE:
67.52% of the employees feel that machines in the shop floor are in good condition.
53
TABLE NO: 5.1.20 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON MAINTENANCE OF MACHINE GUARDS Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.20 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON MAINTENANCE MACHINE GUARDS
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6.37 0 0 25.48 68.15
No. of Respondents 10 107 40 0 0 157
Percentage 6. 37 68. 15 25. 48 0 0 100
d
fie
fie d
ra l
iss at is fie
sa tis
eu t
tis
N
ig h
D
INFERENCE: 68.15% of the respondents are satisfied with maintenance machine guards.
54
H
ig h
H
ly
Di s
Sa
ly
sa
tis
fie
d
d
TABLE NO: 5.1.21 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE WORK ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
S.no 1 2 3 4 Factors Cleanliness Ventilation Drinking water Lighting Highly satisfied 48 33 31 30 Satisfied 84 78 73 93 Neutral 22 37 49 30 Dissatisfied 2 8 3 3 Highly dissatisfied 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 157 157 157 157
SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.21 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE WORK ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly dissatisfied
Percentage
INFERENCE: Majority of the employees are satisfied with the work environmental factors.
C le an lin es s Ve nt ila D tio rin n ki ng w at er Li gh tin g
Environmental Factors
55
TABLE NO: 5.1.22 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON HOUSE KEEPING ACTIVITIES
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.22 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON HOUSE KEEPING ACTIVITIES
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 70.06
No. of Respondents 8 110 38 1 0 157
Percentage 5.10 70.06 24.20 0.64 0 100
24.2 5.1
0.64
0
H
ig
y hl
sa
fie tis
d Sa
d fie s i t
N
tra u e
l D a iss
fie tis
d ly
fi is t a ss i D
ed
H
h ig
INFERENCE:
70.06% of the employees are satisfied with the house keeping activities.
56
5.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 5.3.1 Relationship between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience of the respondents
CHI- SQUARE:
Years Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL
Highly Satisfied 1 5 11 16
Satisfied 2 47 68 117
Neutral 13 8 21
Dissatisfied 0
Highly Dissatisfied 1 1 2
Total 0 3 66 88 157
Step 1: Setting of Null Hypthosis Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience.
Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis: H1: There is a significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience of the respondents. Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%
57
CALCULATION: YEARS Below 20 21 & Above Total Step 4: ?2 = ( Oi – Ei)2 / Ei Highly Satisfied 55 79 134 Highly Dissatisfied 14 9 23 Total 69 88 157
where Ei = RT * CT / N O 55 14 79 9 E 58.89 10.11 75.11 12.89 (O – E)2 15.13 15.13 15.13 15.13 Total (O - E)2/E 0.26 1.50 0.20 1.17 3.13
?2 =
( O – E)2 / E = 3.13
Step 5: Degrees of freedom = {(r - 1) * (c – 1)} = (2 – 1) * (2 – 1) =1*1 =1
Step 6: The calculated value is 3.13 Step 7: The table value with 1 d.o.f at 5 % level of significance is 3.841 Step 8: The calculated value < Table value. Hence Null Hypothesis is accepted
58
INFERENCE: o There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience.
5.3.2 Relationship between employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents
CHI- SQUARE:
Years Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL
Excellent 15 16 31
Good 3 43 60 106
Fair 8 12 20
Poor 0
Total 0 3 66 88 157
Step 1: Setting up Null Hypothesis: Ho: There is no significant difference between the employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents. . Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis:
59
H1: There is a significant difference between employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents.
Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%
CALCULATION:
YEARS Below 20 21 & Above Total Step 4: ?2 = ( Oi – Ei)2 / Ei
Excellent 61 76 137
Fair 8 12 20
Total 69 88 157
where Ei = RT * CT / N (O – E)2 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 Total (O - E)2/E 0.01 0.07 0.008 0.06 0.148
O 61 8 76 12
E 60.21 8.79 76.79 11.21
?2 =
( O – E)2 / E = 0.148
Step 5: Degrees of freedom = {(r - 1) * (c – 1)} = (2 – 1) * (2– 1) =1*1 =1 Step 6: The calculated value is 0.148
60
Step 7: The table value with 1 d.o.f at 5 % level of significance is 3.841 Step 8: The calculated value < Table value. Hence Null Hypothesis is Accepted
INFERENCE: o There is no significant difference between the employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents
5.3.3 Relationship between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience
CHI- SQUARE: Years Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL Highly Satisfied 7 11 18 Satisfied 2 40 56 98 Neutral 14 20 34 Dissatisfied 1 5 1 7 Highly Dissatisfied Total 0 3 66 88 157
Step 1: Setting up Null Hypothesis: Ho: There is no significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience.
Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis:
61
H1: There is a significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience.
Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%
Step 4: ?2 = ( Oi – Ei)2 / Ei
where Ei = RT * CT / N CALCULATION: YEARS Below 20 21 & Above Total O E 49 20 67 21 50.98 18.02 65.02 22.98 Satisfied Dissatisfied 49 20 67 21 116 41 2 (O – E) (O - E)2/E 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 Total 0.08 0.22 0.06 0.17 0.53 Total 69 88 157
?2 =
( O – E)2 / E = 0.53
Step 5: Degrees of freedom = {(r - 1) * (c – 1)} = (2 – 1) * (2 – 1) = 1* 1 =1
Step 6: The calculated value is 0.53
62
Step 7:The table value with 1 d.o.f at 5 % level of significance is 3.841 Step 8: The calculated value < Table value. Hence Null Hypothesis is Accepted
INFERENCE: o There is no significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience.
5.3.4 SATISFACTION LEVEL OF EMPLOYEES WITH RESPECT TO THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD S.no 1 2 3 4 Factors Cleanliness Ventilation Drinking Water Lighting Highly satisfied 48 33 31 30 :5 :4 :3 :2 :1 Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied 84 78 73 93 22 37 49 30 2 8 3 3 Highly dissatisfied 1 1 1 1
Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied
63
CALCULATION:
1. Cleanliness:=[(48*5)+(84*4)+(22*3)+(2*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 4.12
2. Ventilation: =[(33*5)+(78*4)+(37*3)+(8*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 3.84
3. Drinking Water: =[(31*5)+(73*4)+(49*3)+(3*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 3.83 4. Lighting: =[(30*5)+(93*4)+(30*3)+(3*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 3.94
INFERENCE: o Majority of the respondents give more importance to cleanliness when compared to the other factors of work environment.
64
5.3.5 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD Safety Equipments Shoes Goggles Nose mask Ear Muff Helmet Safety belt Highly Important 65 93 90 66 53 40 Important 88 63 65 87 87 92 Not Important 4 1 2 4 17 25 157 157 157 157 157 157 Total
HIGHLY IMPORTANT: 3 IMPORTANT NOT IMPORTANT :2 :1
CALCULATION:
1. SHOES: ={(65*3)+(88*2)+(4*1)}/157 = 2.39
2. GOGGLES: ={(93*3)+(63*2)+(1*1)}/157 = 2.59
65
3. NOSE MASK: ={(90*3)+(65*2)+(2*1)}/157 = 2.56
4. EAR MUFF: ={(66*3)+(87*2)+(4*1)}/157 = 2.39
5. Helmet: ={(53*3)+(87*2)+(17*1)}/157 = 2.23
6. Safety belt: ={(40*3)+(92*2)+(25*1)}/157 = 2.10
INFERENCE: o Majority of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared with other safety equipments provided to them by the organization.
66
CHAPTER VI
FINDINGS
? 47.77 % of the employee’s are in the age group of 41-50 years. ? 56.05% of the employees are having experience of more than 21 years. ? 47.77% of the employee’s fall under the income group of 20,001 & above. ? 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with implementation of safety provisions in the organizations. ? 74.52% of the respondents are satisfied with respect to the safety measures provided to them. ? 42.68% feels that productivity can increases to some extent by practicing of industrial safety to create good work environment. ? 87.90% of the employees have not met with the accident while working ? 52.63% of the accident occurs during night shift. ? Out of 157 respondents 88 employees feels that not following the prescribed rules is the major cause for accident in the workplace.
67
? 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with the first-aid provided by the organization at the time of accidents. ? 71.97% of the employees are satisfied with the safety equipments provided by the organization. ? 59.23 % of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared to other safety equipments. ? 67.52% of the employees are satisfied with the efforts taken by the organization to ensure safety. ? 66.88% of the respondents have undergone training program conducted by the organization. ? 34.90% of the employees have under gone fire safety training program next followed by general safety measure programmes. ? 72.38% of the employees are satisfied with the safety training program that they have undergone in the organization. ? 62.42% of the employees are satisfied with the work environment. ? 55.41% of the respondents are satisfied with electrical connections. ? 67.52% of the employees feel that machines in the shop floor are in good condition. ? 68.15% of the respondents are satisfied with machine guards.
68
? Majority of the employees are satisfied with the work environmental factors. ? 70.06% of the employees are satisfied with the house keeping activities.
FINDINGS RELATED TO STATISTICAL TOOLS:
? There is no significant difference between the satisfaction levels of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience. ? There is no significant difference between the employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents. ? There is no significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience. ? Majority of the respondents give more importance to cleanliness when compared to the other factors of work environment. ? Majority of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared with other safety equipments provided to them by the organization.
69
CHAPTER VII
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
? The safety, health and environmental policy can be displayed widely at conspicuous locations (mounted on walls of the factory).The safety policies can be made known to all employees, contractors and contract employees by circulating the policies in both English and regional language.
? To motivate the employees every year competitions can be conducted on national safety day. Safety events can be conducted frequently to make awareness among the employees on safety.
? Steps have to be taken to identify the employees those who have not undergone any formal safety programme through verification of records and train them. This will ensure some safety awareness among them. Training can be given through unit wise, team wise like kaizen or work team.
70
? Attention should be focused on minor accidents so that major accidents can be prevented, for which analysis of accidents is necessary. To reduce the accidents, supervisory staff and management should be more pro-active in the shop floor, so that all the employees use the safety equipment’s provided to them.
? Safety issues like accidents, problems, achievements etc, which are discussed in the safety committee have to be communicated to the employees by the middle level management.
? Employer should ensure that the employee who works about 2m heights is wearing the safety belt.
? Every 100 sq m portable fire extinguishers can be provided so that at the time of accidents it can be used.
? Drinking water should be provided in appropriate locations
71
CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION
Industrial progress of the country depends on its committed labor force. Efficiency in work is possible only when the employees are safe in their working environment and also provided with some safety measures.
The study has revealed the perception of employees with regard to safety measures and work environment. The result of this study shows that majority of the employees perceive the present efforts taken by the Rane (Madras) Limited on safety measures and work environment is satisfactory yet there are some factors which need to be concentrated by the company which is suggested by the researcher to ensure hundred percentage safety and congenial work environment which in turn in improve the efficiency and confidence of the employees.
Hence, in designing safety programmes and good working environment the management should not compromise even with the smallest safety concept which may be costly to both management and the employees.
72
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Amir.D.Aczel – Research Methodology for business – John Wiled & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. – 4th Edition 2. Dr.Arora.P.M.,Mrs.Arora. S, Statistics for Management- Sultan Chand & Co., Ltd. 3. Ashwathappa.K-Human McGraw Hill-4th edition. 4. Biswajeet Patnayak – Human Resource Management –Prentice Hall India -3rd Edition 5. David.A.Decenzo, Stephen. P. Robbins – Fundamentals of Human Resources Management -John Wiley & Sons, – 8th Edition. 6. Dr. Dylee. M. V., Simon George - A Industrial Relation Personal Management – Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 7. Edwin.B.Fippo – Personnel Management –McGraw Hill International- 6th Edition. 8. Dr. Guptha. C.B.- Human Resource Management – Sultan Chand & Sons, 6th Rewind and enlarged edition. 9. Guptha. S.C. – Fundamental of Statistics – Himalaya Publishing Co. 4th Edition. 10.Herbet. G. Heneman III, Donald. P. Schwab, John A. Fassum, Lee. D. Dyer – Personal Human Resource Management – Universal Book Stall- 4th Edition. 11.Kapoor.N.D. – Elements of Mercentile Law – Sultan Chand & Sons, 28th Edition. Resource Personnel management-Tata
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12.Khanna.S.S. – Human Resource Management – Sultan Chand Co., Ltd. – 1st Edition – ’03. 13.Khanna. O.P. Industrial Engineering & Management Dhanpat Rai Publication Pvt. Ltd. 14. Lawrence. S. Kleiman– Human Resource Management-A Managerial tool for competitive advantage – Published by Biztantra – 3rd edition. 15.Memoria.C.B.,Memoria,Gangar.S.V.–Dynamics Relations – Himalaya Publishing Co. 16. Memoria.C.B, Gangar.S.V Personal Management,Himalaya Publication – 25th Edition ’05 17. Michael Armstrong–Human Resource Management Practice – British Library cataloging in Publication data-8th edition. 18.Michael Harris – Human Resource Management – Harcourt Brace College publishers – 2nd edition. 19.Rao.P.L-Comprenhensive books-1st edition. 20.Rao. V.S.P. Human Resource Management -Excel books- 1st Edition. 21.Robert. L. Mathis, John. H. Jackson – Human Resource Management – South Western College Publication – 9th edition. 22.Dr. Sreenvasan. M.R. – Commercial & Industrial law- Margham Publication – Revised & enlarged edition. 23.Thanulingam. N. Research Methodology – Himalaya Publication House-Mellineum edition 2000. 24.Tripathi. P.C. – Personal Management & Industrial Relation – Sultan chand & Sons Educational Publishers, New Delhi -19th edition 25. Uma Sekaran – Research Methodology for Business – John Wiley & sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd- 4th edition.
74
of
Industrial
Human
Resource
Management-Excel
JOURNALS REFERED:
1.
Industrial
Safety
Chronical,VOL.NO:
XXXVII,Oct-Dec-
2006,Pudlished by National Safety Council. 2. Industrial Safety, VOL: 39, Monthly Newsletter of National safety Council. Web sites 1. www.rane.co.in 2. www.yahoo.com 3. www.google.com 4. www.wekipedia.com 5. www.j-gate.com
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doc_730964911.doc
Actions taken to protect patients and office personnel from such known hazards as particles and aerosols from highspeed rotary instruments, mercury vapor, radiation exposure, anesthetic and sedative gases, falls, inadequate sterilization, cuts, puncture wounds, and laboratory accidents.
CHAPTER I
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. Industrial safety or employee safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents. In today’s competitive world many organization are adopting advance technology. It has both merits and demerits. Increasing technologies involves high risk, where the question of safety arises. The life of industrial worker is full of risk. Every year lakhs of employees are injured in factories, mines etc. The main reasons for such activities are due to either unsafe act or unsafe condition. Today employers are obligated to give their employees a safe and secured work environment.
The main purpose of effective safety program in organizations is to prevent work related injuries and accidents.
SAFETY IN INDUSTRY
The modern safety movement started around 1912 with the first cooperative Safety Congress and the organization of the National Safety Council in U.S.A.
1
Safety is prior to security. According to this concept, the present Factories Act ensures several safety measures.
The importance of industrial safety was realized because every year millions of industrial accidents occur which result in either death or temporary and permanent disablement of the employees and involve a good amount of cost such as resulting from waste man-hours, machine hours, etc.
Safety is primarily the responsibility of the management. This responsibility should rest on the shoulder of all cadres of management: such as production manager, personnel manager, maintenance engineer, safety officer. Every organization should formulate and implement a safety procedure.
NEED FOR SAFETY
Safety in industry helps, ? Increase the rate of production. ? Reduce the production cost. ? Reduce the damage to equipment and machinery. ? Prevent the premature death of talented workers who are an asset to the society. ? Prevent the needless pain and suffering to the employees.
2
SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ? It saves costs ? It improves productivity ? It develops morale ? Safety is a legal requirement
EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS
Accidents result in untold miseries, sufferings and financial losses to the employees. It also costs the employer heavily by way of medical expenses, compensation, loss of production, damage to machines, etc.
Effects of accidents in industry are frightening. Millions of man-hours are lost on account of accidents in industry. Human suffering and pecuniary losses accompanying such accidents are terrible Cost of productions will be high if the rate of accidents is high. Accidents will spread a sense of insecurity and fear among the workers. It lowers the worker’s morale.
Good industrial relations will be difficult in a factory where accidents will have a detrimental effect on public relations. The worker involved in the accident as well as other workers will develop a sense of frustration. Disablement on account of accidents affects the income of the workers and in some cases results in unemployment. Hence it is necessary for an organization to implement an effective safety measures.
3
1.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE
INCEPTION
Ashok Leyland is a commercial vehicle manufacturing company based in Chennai. The company was established in 1948 as Ashok motors with an aim to assemble Austin cars. Manufacturing of commercial vehicles was started in 1955 with equity contribution from Leyland motors. Today the company is the Hinduja group, an England-based Indian group they have a market share of around 30%.
TYPE OF INDUSTRY
In 1948, an Ashok motor as set up in what then madras (now Chennai) for the assembly of Austin cars. They company’s destiny and name changed son with equity participations by British Leyland and Ashok Leyland commenced manufacture of commercial vehicles in 1955.
Early products included the Leyland come bus chassis, which sold in large numbers to many operators, including Hyderabad road transport, Ahmedabad municipality, Travancore state transport, and Bombay state transport and Delhi road transport authority. By 1963 the comb was operated by every state transport undertaking in India, and over 8000 were in service.
The comet was soon joined by a version of the Leyland tiger. In 1968 production of the Leyland titan ceased in Britain, but was restarted by Ashok
4
Leyland in India. The titan pd3 chassis was modified and a fire speed heavy duly constant-mesh gearbox utilized together with the Ashok Leyland version of the 0.680 engines. The Ashok Leyland titan was very successful, and continued in production for many years.
Ashok Leyland vehicles have built a reputation for reliability and ruggedness. The 3,75,000 vehicles being put on the roads have considerably eased the additional pressure placed on road transportation in independent India.
Ashok Leyland is a technology leader in the commercial vehicle sector of India. It’s a annual turnover exceeds USD 1 billion selling around 86000 medium and heavy vehicle each year, Ashok Leyland is India’s largest exporter of medium of heavy duty trucks out of India.
It is also one of the largest private sector employers in India with about 12000 employees working in 6 factories spread over the length and breadth of India.
Its 2006-07 turnover is USD 2 billion, with international operations contributing over USD 100 million. The company’s international operations span over 30 countries in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. In 2006, the company expanded its international footprint by acquiring the truck business unit of Avia A.S. in Prague and signing an MoU to set up a bus assembly unit in RAS al Khaimah, UAE.
5
Committed to total quality management, Ashok Leyland is the country’s first automotive manufacturer to obtain the coveted ISO 9002 certification followed by the more comprehensive ISO 9001:1994 certification, QS 9000 and ISO 14001. Ashok Leyland is also the first automobile company in India to receive the world-renowned TS 16949 corporate certification in 2006. These are major milestones in the company’s TQM journey.
Making all this happen is a team of 12000 who master the everchanging technologies and market environment in a culture of continuous learning.
With six manufacturing locations at Chennai, Hosur (three plants), Alwar and Bhandara, the company has an annual production capacity of 84000 vehicles.
BRANCHES
Starting with the first unit at Ennore Ashok Leyland now has size manufacturing plants the mother unit at near Chennai supported by a frame unit at Ambattur, two plants at Hosur, the assembly plant at Alwar, Bhandara. The total covered spaces at these five plants exceed well over 45000sq.m. and together employ around 10000 personnel.
6
ENNORE
Totally it covers 127 acres, Ashok Leyland Ennore is the highly integrated mother plant accounting for over 50% of Ashok Leyland total production. The plant manufacturing wide range of vehicles and houses production facilities are very more. Main aggregates such as engines, gearbox, axles and other key in house components.
ENNORE PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
SHOP 1 • CHASSIS ASSEMBLY • FRONT AXLE ASSEMBLY • AXLE ARM MACHINERY • AXLE BEAM MACHINERY • GEAR BOX ASSEMBLY • CAMSHAFT GEAR • INTERMEDIATE GEAR • FLIP GEAR MACHINERY • TOOTH GRINDING
SHOP 2 • CAMSHAFT • CYLINDER HEAD • DRIVING HEAD • BEASING CAP • CLUTCH FACING
7
• ENGINE ASSEMBLY • INDUSTRIAL ENGINE DRESSING • MARINE ENGINE DRESSING • AUTO DRESSING • CLUTCH ASSEMBLY • ENGINE TESTING
SHOP 3 • SHEET CUTTING • PUNCHING SHAPING ASSEMBLY • REVITING • FRONT ASSEMBLY • TRACH ROD LINKS • STEERING LINES • HUB LINE REAR HUB FRONT HUG • TOOL GRINDING • LEVELER
SHOP 4 • DIF CAGE • KING PIN • REAR AXLE ASSEMBLY • FRONT AXLE ASSEMBLY • DIT CAR REAR
SHOP 5 • SHUT DOWN
8
HOSUR 1
It was established in 1980 Hosur 1 is the engine manufacturing center within Ashok Leyland production system. A part from diesel engines, they also manufacturing engines under license from HIMO of Japan IVECO of Italy. It is also assembles, heavy a duty vehicles the facility is spread over 103 acres.
HOSUR 2
Ashok Leyland established this state of the art production facility in 1994 at Hosur to mainly cater to production of cargo range of vehicles with technology from IVECO of Italy. It spread over 236 acres, Hosur 2 houses finished and assembly facilities including sophisticated painting facilities.
ALWAR
Established in 1982 in the northern start of Rajasthan, Alwar unit is primarily an assembly plant of wide range of vehicles with an emphasis on passenger chassis including CNG buses
BHANDARA
Ashok Leyland Bhandara unit is also an assembly plant for vehicles, but in addition, houses modern manufacturing and assembly facilities for sophisticated transmission for Ashok Leyland and cargo range of vehicles.
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ASHOK LEYLAND GROUP OF COMPANIES • AUTOMOTIVE COACHES & COMPONENTS LIMITED • LANKA ASHOK LEYLAND • ASHOK LEYLAND PROJECT SERVICES LIMITED • ENNORE FOUNDRIES • IRIZAR – TVS
PRODUCTS
BUSES: • VIKING BS – 2 • VIKING BS – 3 • BANTHER BS – 2 • VIKING CNG • 12M BUS – BS – 2 • CHEETAH BS – 2 • CHEETAH BS – 3
DOUBLE DECKER: • STAGE BS – 2 • AIRPORT TARMAC COACH • VESTIBULE BUS – BS – 3
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TRUCK: • 4X2 HAULAGE MODELS • 4X2 AND MULTI AXLE TIPPERS • MULTI AXLE VEHICLES • TRACTORS • ECOMET
SPECIAL VEHICLE: • RAPID INTERVENTION VEHICLES 4X2 • HIPPO TRACTORS • BEAVER TRACTOR • BEAVER HAULGE • FIELD HAULAGE • STALLION MK III TIPPER • HIPPO TIPPER
DEFENCE VEHICLES: • YAK – 4X4 • LIGHT RECOVERY VEHICLES 4X4 • STALLION 4X4 MK III • FIELD ARTILLERY TRACTOR 6X6 ETC.
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BOARD OF DIRECTORS
MR. R.J.SHAHANEY, CHAIRMAN MR. D.G. HINDUJA, CO-CHAIRMAN (ALTERNATE: MR. Y M KALE) MR.D.J.BALAJI RAO MR.A.K.DAS MR. P.N. GHATALIA MR. S.R. KRISHNA SWAMY MR. F. SAHAMI MR. SHARDUL S SHROFF MR. A. SPARE MR. SUBIR RAHA MR.R. SESHASAYEE, MANAGING DIRECTOR.
CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER M. VINOD K DASARI.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
MR. J.N. AMROLIA MR. ANUP BHAT MR.S. BALASUBRAMANIUM MR.A.R. CHANDARASEKHARAN MR.A.K JAIN MR.R. MALHAN MR.M. NATRAJ
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FUTURE PLAN
Be among the top Indian corporations acknowledge nationally and internationally for, ? Excellence in quality of its products ? Excellence in customer focus and service
Much before emission regulations came. R&D engineers an Ashok Leyland have been addressing the twin concerns of fuel – efficiency and emissions. In 1997, when the company launched the country’s to tame compressed natural gas to power commercial vehicles. The company’s CNG – run bus is a non – polluting, eco-friendly signpost with a great promise. Mumbai’s best and the Delhi transport corporation run Ashok Leyland’s cng buses. As on date, more than 2500 of these CNG buses are on road. In 2002 yet another frontier technology was conquered when the company unveiled India’s first hybrid electric bus. The company’s All-India customer base is served through an AllIndia sales and service network supplemented by over 250 service points. The parts operation, to ensure availability of genuine spares to the customers, is supported by 15 warehouses.
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CHAPTER II
PROJECT PROFILE
2.1 TITLE OF THE PROJECT
The topic chosen for the study is “A Study on Employees perception on Effectiveness of Safety Measures and Work Environment ”
2.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
Maintaining a safe and healthy working environment is not only an important human resources issue, it's the law.This topic is chosen because in most of the organization, accident occurs due to various reasons.
This study is done to analyze the present level of safety and work environment practices in the organization and suggest methods for continual improvement to prevent accidents.
The Management needs to know which are the measures that can be implemented quickly and effectively, so that both the employees as well as the organization can be benefited.
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2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study on employees perception on effectiveness on safety measures and work environment is explosively conducted for Ashok Leyland Limited, targeted to the shop floor level employee’s. This topic is of significant interest in today’s modern industry as it involves the interest of both the management and the employee’s and has an impact on morale and satisfaction level of the employee’s.
The study attempts to bring about various problems associated with the safety and work environment, which hampers the production of the organization. The study also gives feed back regarding the perception of the employees on the present system and their expectation from the company towards it and it varies from individuals.
This in turn gave the study a wide and large scope for analysis. The study also covers the tools to improve safety measures and work environment which will help to improve the employee’s morale and increase in the productivity of the organization.
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2.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
? To Study the Employees perception on effectiveness of safety measures and work environment.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
? To find out the awareness of safety measures and safety provisions among the employees. ? To study how far the employees are satisfied with the safety measures and work environment. ? To find the impact of industrial safety and work environment on productivity. ? To identify the employees attitude towards safety measures and work environment. ? Based on the study to make recommendation on safety measures and work environment that would reward both the employee as well as the employer.
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CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Every year, throughout the world, millions of accidents occurs in industries some of them are fatal and results in permanent disablement, complete are partial; the majority cause only temporary disablement, which however may last for several months.
Loss of lives and accidents costs gradually led to the formation of factories act. The requirement for consideration of safety by management as part of its responsibility arises primarily from these acts.
SAFETY COMMITTEE
? The function of safety committee is to ensure the establishment of safe working conditions in an organization. ? The size of the safety committee depends on the size of the organization, and generally includes executives, superiors, and shop floor workers. ? Thus the lower level employees get a channel of communication on safety matters direct to executive levels. ? It was observed that those organizations that made safety committees had lower record of accidents than those without safety committees. ? Lastly, to get maximum out of safety committee ? It should be assigned specific problems and duties such as planning safety rules, publishing them.
17
? Its members should be asked to go on the shop floor and watch what is being done about is (i.e., the safety) ? It should be asked to report periodically as what improvements have been made and what more can be done.
SAFETY PROGRAMME
? A safety programme tends to discover when, where and why accidents occur. ? A safety programme aims at reducing accidents and the losses associated with them. ? A safety programme begins with the assumption that most workconcerned accidents can be prevented. ? A safety programme does not have an end; rather it is a continuous process to achieves adequate safety. ? A safety programme tries to reduce the influence of personnel and environmental factors that cause accidents. ? A safety programme involves providing safety equipments and special training to employees.
SAFETY ENGINEERING
The adoption of proper engineering procedures to minimize and, if possible, eliminate work hazards is fundamental to any organized safety programme. New products, processes and machines are designed, and full attention is paid to safety engineering in design, layout and installation. The
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most important function of safety engineering is to eliminate the risks posed by the operation of machines, by the processes of the manufacture of products and by the structure and layout of plants and equipments.
Material handling is the most prolific source of accidents. Hence, the flow of materials during all the stages of the manufacture of a product should be properly planned to eliminate hazards. The flow of work between machines and departments should be facilitated by the provision of proper equipment, and there should be well-designed and well- marked storage spaces, roadways to ensure risk-free performance of work.
In addition, there should be a well-designed system for the detection, prevention and control of fires. For this purpose, adequate fire-fighting equipment, including foam, vapor liquid, carbon dioxide, dry chemical fire extinguishers, high-pressure waterlines, sprinklers, fire pads and sand and axes should be maintained.
SAFETY INSPECTION
Safety inspection are designed to examine a specific area of the organization operational department or manufacturing process – in order to locate and define any faults in the system, equipments, plant or machines, or any operational errors that might be the source of accidents. Line manager and supervisor with the advice and help of safety officer should carry out safety inspection on a regular and systematic basis.
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SAFETY INDUCTIONS AND TRAINING
? This is essential for educating the employees to think, act and work safely so that the number of accidents can be minimized. ? Safety training and education gives knowledge about safe and unsafe mechanical conditions, personal practices and of the remedial measures. ? Safety training involves:
A. Induction and orientation of new recruits to safety rules and practices. B. Explaining safety functions, during on the job training. C. Formulating employee safety committees. D. Holding of special employee safety meetings. E. Displaying charts, posters, films etc to emphasize the need to act safely.
COMMUNICATIONS ROLE IN SAFETY
Communication plays an important role in spreading the safety practices among the employees .The following steps can be taken to increase the effectiveness of safety messages
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? Avoid negatives: Successful safety propaganda should contain positive messages, not warning of the unpleasant consequences of actions. ? Expose correctly: Address the message to the right people at the point of danger. ? Use attention – getting technique carefully: Lurid images may only be remembered for what they are, not for the message they are trying to convey. ? Maximize comprehension:
Message should be simple and specific. ? Message must be believable: They should address real issues and be perceived as doing something about it. ? Message must point the way to action: The most effective messages call for positive actions that can be achieved by the receiver and will offer them a tangible benefit.
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ACCIDENTS
According to the Factories act 1948, accidents can be explained, as “it is an occurrence in industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person who makes the employee unable to resume his duties in the next 48 hours”.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS/ COST OF ACCIDENTS
An accident can be very costly to the injured employee as well as to the employer of the concern. There are definite costs associated with the accidents. They are ? Direct costs of an accident: 1) Compensation insurance including payment and overhead cost. 2) Uncompensated wage losses of the injured employee. 3) Cost of medical care and hospitalization. ? Indirect costs of accident: 1) 2) 3) Costs of damage to equipments, materials and plant. Costs of wages paid for time lost by workers not injured. Costs of wages paid to injured workers.
4) Costs of safety engineers, supervisors and staff in investigating, recording and reporting of accidents and its causes. 5) 6) Costs of replacing the injured employees. Cost of lowered production by the substitute worker.
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7)
Cost of delay in production due to accident.
8) Cost of reduction in efficiency of the injured worker when he joins the concern after getting recovered.
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
Industrial accidents are the end products of unsafe acts and unsafe condition of work. However, accidents are preventable-they do not just happen. They usually occur as the result of the combination of a number of factors, in which the three main ones are technical equipment, the working environment and the worker.
In addition, the workers themselves may be a contributory factor in that they may not have received adequate training or may have little experience of the task. This is particularly relevant when new procedures are introduced into a factory or when people change jobs.
Ultimately, all industrial accidents are either directly or indirectly attributable to human failings. People are not machines their performance is nor fully predictable and mistakes are made. If the causes of accidents can be found the appropriate measures can be taken to prevent them. If the preventive measures are not taken, the same type of accidents will occur repeatedly.
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UNSAFE CONDITION
It includes: Mechanical factors, Environmental factors
Mechanical factors:
1. Improperly guarded equipments 2. Defective equipments 3. Hazardous arrangement or procedure in and around machines or equipments 4. Unsafe mechanical design or constructions 5. Inadequate safety devices Protruding nails.
Environmental factors: 1. Wrong and faulty layout, and bad location 2. Improper illumination- glare, insufficient light 3. Improper ventilation-insufficient air charge, impure air source 4. Poor house keeping 5. Noise, bad odour and flash coming from the nearby machinery or process
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UNSAFE ACT
It includes: Personal Factors 1. Failing to use safety equipments 2. Operating without authority 3. Working at unsafe speed 4. Lack of knowledge and skill 5. Failure to abide with the rules and regulations of the company 6. Day- dreaming and inattentiveness
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
There are several ways by which accidents can be prevented. The national safety council, USA says that accident prevention depends on the 3E’s - engineering, education, enforcement; the job should be engineered for safety, employees should be educated in safety procedures, and safety rules should be properly enforced.
In actual practice, accident prevention boils down to two basic activities; reducing unsafe conditions and reducing unsafe acts.
1. Accident prevention is highly essential is an industry, in order to ? Prevent injury to and premature death of employees ? Reduce operating cost ? Have good employer-employees relation ? Improve the morale of employees
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2. Above all, prevention of accidents is a true humanitarian concern 3. Accident prevention does not occur by itself; there should be consistent implementation of safety measures an safety programmes emphasizing the need for ? Safe workplace layout and working condition ? Safe material handling ? Personal protective devices ? Safety activities in the organization
ACCIDENT REPORTS AND RECORDS
Proper reports and record of the accidents have to be maintained by an organization in the prescribed manner and complete information about an accident and circumstances attending the death or disablement of a work or any other serious injury to him has to be submitted to the government.
Accident records should be maintained in detail and should contain the following items: ? The total number of employees in the unit who are exposed to different type of the accidents; ? The severity of the accident – whether it resulted in a broken bone, a deep cut -and the time that was lost as result of it; ? The kind of work or occupation in which the employee was engaged; ? The date, time and day, and the shift during which the accidents occurred;
26
? The total number of years during which the employee was engaged on that particular job when the accidents occurred; ? Personal data, including the age and health of the injured employee; ? The immediate cause of the accidents- whether it was the result of malfunctioning of a machine, or whether the employee failed to use the safety devices provided for the purpose of preventing accidents, etc. COLOURS As an aid to safety, colours are used to identify and mark out the dangerous parts of a machine. Accordingly yellow or orange colours are used to indicate dangerous materials or parts of equipments; green, white or black for safe material or parts of machine, blue for protective machines and red for fire- fighting’s and fire protection materials and equipments. The British standards institute has recommended a 3 colour code: - red to indicate that a person should stop; orange giving warning of danger and green to identify safe equipment, escape routes and first-aid materials. Hence we can say colour plays a vital role in maintaining a safe work environment.
SAFETY MEASURES AND PROVISIONS
Safety is prior to security. According to this concept, the present Factories Act ensures several safety measures and safety provisions. It includes
27
Safety provisions: ? Fencing of machinery ? Training and supervision of young persons ? Self acting machines ? Protection of eyes ? Precaution against falls. ? Excessive weights ? Cleaning of machinery by women and children should not be allowed ? Precautions against dangerous fumes ? Precaution in case of fire ? Maintenance of buildings ? Safe guards in connection with transmission machinery
Safety measures: ? Appointment of safety officers ? Training to all new employees ? Inspection of machines and plants ? Providing safety equipments ? Forming a safety committee ? Reporting the safety accidents and maintain accident analysis report ? Careful and frequent inspection of works to ensure that gang-ways are clear
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Statutory provisions under the factories act 1948 insist the following preventive measures.
1) Cleanliness 2) Disposal of waste and effluent 3) Ventilation and temperature 4) Dust and fumes 5) Lighting 6) Drinking water 7) Providing first aid appliances
HOUSE KEEPING Definition and concept
The term house keeping has been borrowed from the maintenance of domestic properties in the house and is now liberally applied to the maintenance of both cleanliness and order in all kinds of business establishments, e.g., industries.
Cleanliness is a condition wherein buildings, work and rest areas, machinery, equipments and tools are kept free from dirt, dust, stains etc.
29
NECESSITY OF GOOD HOUSE KEEPING Good plant house keeping is essential in order to:
1. Make and maintain a clean, neat and orderly factory work area and its surroundings. 2. Make work area look pleasant, more satisfying and motivate for a worker. 3. Minimize fatigue and discomfort to the workers. 4. Minimize injury and accidents. 5. Increase the life of plant, buildings and the facilities it contains. 6. Avoid fire and other hazards. 7. Permit effective natural illumination and ventilation
ADVANTAGES OF GOOD HOUSE KEEPING 1. Fewer accidents. 2. Increased life of buildings, machinery, tools, etc. 3. Improved employee morale. 4. Increased production. 5. Better product quality. 6. Continuous cleaning reduces housekeeping costs because intermittent lean up is more expensive. 7. Little or no time is lost in searching for tools etc. 8. Material handling and transportation pick up speed. 9. Inspection, maintenance and production control functions become easier.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Business research can be described as an organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it. In this study the objective is to study the employee’s perception on safety measures and work environment
4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The study undertaken is descriptive in nature. The goal of the descriptive study is to offer the researcher a profile or to describe relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-oriented or other prospective.
4.2 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
PRIMARY DATA:
Primary data refer to information obtained first hand by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study. Primary data was collected by the method of survey by using structured questionnaire.
31
SECONDARY DATA:
Secondary data refers to the information gathered from the sources already existing. Secondary data pertaining to this study are collected from company manuals, books, journals, magazines and web sites.
4.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Structured Questionnaire is been framed which contains both open ended and close ended questions.
4.4 SAMPLING
SAMPLING UNIT: Sampling unit are those who are to be surveyed from the total population. Here the sampling units are the employees of Ashok Leyland Limited. SAMPLING SIZE: The sample size is 157 Employees.
SAMPLING METHODS:
The sampling procedure adopted in the research is Probability sampling. In specific “Stratified disproportionate Sampling”. Here the universe is divided into strata on the basis of department.
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4.5 ANALYSIS TOOLS 1) PERCENTAGE METHOD
Percentage refers to a special kind of ratio. Percentage is used in making comparisons between two or more series of data. Percentage method is used to describe the relationship. No. Of Respondents Percentage of Respondent = Total No. Of Respondents Percentage is used in processing the data. Bar-charts, cone-charts and piecharts are used to explain the tabulation clearly. * 100
2) CHI-SQUARE TEST
Chi-square test is used to find out whether there exists relationship among various groups. Chi-square can be calculated using the formula (Oi-Ei) 2 ?
2
= Ei
Where, Oi = Observed frequencies Ei = Expected frequencies Expected frequencies is calculated using the formula Ei = RT * CT N
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RT = Row total for the containing the cell. CT = Column total for the column containing the cell. N = the total number of observation.
The calculated value of chi-square is compared with the table value of chi-square for given degree of freedom at specified level of significance. If the calculated value is greater than the table value, then the null hypothesis is rejected and if calculated value is less than table null hypothesis is accepted.
3) WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD
When the relative importance of the different observations is not the same, we compute weighted average method. The term “WEIGHT” stands for the relative importance of the different observations. The formula for computing weighted average method is as follows:
FORMULA: XW = WiXi / Wi Where, XW = Weighted Average Method Xi = Variable Wi = Weight attached to the variable Xi
4.6 LIMITATION
? The respondents were busy in their schedule. ? The sample size was restricted to 157
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CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
TABLE NO: 5.1.1 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON AGE Age Group 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 &Above TOTAL SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.1 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON AGE No of Respondents 0 15 75 67 157 Percentage 0 9.55 47.77 42.68 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 &Above 9.55 47.77 42.68
INFERENCE: Among the employee’s 47.77% belong to the age group of 41-50.The next highest frequency distribution is in the age group of 51 & above.
35
TABLE NO: 5.1.2 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON EXPERIENCE Experience Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.2 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON EXPERIENCE No of Respondents 0 3 66 88 157 Percentage 0 1.91 42.04 56.05 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
56.05 42.04
0
0
1.91
0 11 -2 21 & ov Ab e
RI EN CE Be lo w 5
INFERENCE:
by 11-20 years.
56.05% of the employees are having experience of more than 21 years followed
EX
PE
510
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TABLE NO: 5.1.3 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON INCOME
Income 10000-15000 15001-20000 20,001 & Above TOTAL SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.3 DISTRIBUTION BASED ON INCOME No of Respondents 22 60 75 157 Percentage 14. 01 38. 22 47. 77 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10000-15000 15001-20000 20,001 & Above 14.01 38.22 47.77
INFERENCE: 47.77% of the employee’s fall under the income group of 20001 & above.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.4 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY PROVISIONS
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total No of Respondents 18 124 14 0 1 157 Percentage 11.46 78.98 8.92 0 0.64 100
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.4 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY PRO
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 11.46 10 0
VISI
78.98
ONS
8.92 0 0.64
d
fie
fie d
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tis
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at is
sa
tis
N
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D
iss
INFERENCE: 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with implementation of safety provisions in the organizations. From this we can infer that organization has taken special care in making the employees understand about the safety provisions.
38
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H
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TABLE NO: 5.1.5 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY MEASURES
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total
SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 17 117 21 0 2 157
Percentage 10.83 74.52 13.38 0 1.27 100
CHART NO: 5.2.5 EMPLOYEES SATISFACTION LEVEL ON SAFETY MEASURES
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
74.52
10.83
13.38 0 1.27
d
H ig hl y
D is
INFERENCE: 74.52% of the respondents are satisfied with the safety measures provided to them. Hence we can infer from the above chart that the organization is implementing the right safety measures which makes the employees satisfied.
39
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D
is sa tis fie d
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N eu tra l
Sa tis f
sa tis fie d
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TABLE NO: 5.1.6 EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY
Factors To a great extend To some extent To a little extend No idea Total SOURCE: Primary Data
No. Of Respondent 65 67 23 2 157
Percentage 41.40 42.68 14.65 1.27 100
CHART NO: 5.2.6 EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 42.68
41.4
14.65 1.27 To a great extend To some extent To a little extend No idea
INFERENCE: 42.68% of the respondents feel that productivity increases to some extend due to practicing of industrial safety & good work environment.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.7 RATE OF ACCIDENT FOR THE PAST ONE-YEAR
Factors Yes No Total SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.7 RATE OF ACCIDENT FOR THE PAST ONE YEAR
No. of Respondents 19 138 157
Percentage 12.10 87.90 100
12.1
87.9
Yes
INFERENCE:
No
87.90% of the employees have not met with the accident while 12.10% of the employees have met with the accident during the working hours. Hence the organization has to find out the root cause for the accidents and take measures to reduce the accidents.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.8 PERIOD OF ACCIDENT Factors General shift Day shift Night shift Total SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.8 PERIOD OF ACCIDENT
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 General shift Day shift Night shift 21.05 26.32 52.63
No. of Respondents 4 5 10 19
Percentage 21.05 26.32 52.63 100
INFERENCE: 52.63% of the accident occurs during night shift. Hence the organization should find out the problems faced by the employees during night shift and take necessary steps to avoid accidents.
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TABLE NO: 5.1.9 MAJOR CAUSE FOR ACCIDENT IN THE WORKPLACE
S.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 Factors I II III 49 37 15 Unsafe working condition 10 15 20 Health problem 1 10 14 Family problems 4 26 52 Over workload 5 28 48 Communication gap Not following the prescribed rules 88 41 9 IV V VI TOTAL
21 30 26 44 29 7 18 50 50 13 18 8 17 32 56 18 29 4 157 157 157 157 157 157
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.9 MAJOR CAUSES FOR ACCIDENT IN THE WORK PLACE
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1
INFERENCE: Out of 157 respondents 88 employees feels that not following the prescribed rules is the major cause for accident in the workplace. Hence the organization should take necessary steps to find out whether all the employees are following the prescribed rules.
Unsafe working condition Health problem Family problems Over workload Communication gap Not following the prescribed rules 2 3 4 5 6
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TABLE NO: 5.1.10 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON FIRST-AID Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.10 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON FIRST-AID
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8.28 11.46 0 1.27
No. Of Respondents 13 124 18 0 2 157
Percentage 8.28 78.98 11.46 0 1.27 100
78.98
d
tis fie d
iss at is fie
sa tis
eu t
N
ig h
D
INFERENCE: 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with the first-aid provided by the organization at the time of accidents.
44
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H
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d
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TABLE NO: 5.1.11 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 30 118 13 1 0 157
Percentage 19.11 71.97 8.28 0.64 0 100
CHART NO: 5.2.11 EMPLOYEE OPINION ON SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 19.11 8.28 0.64 0
71.97
d
fie
fie d
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fie
iss at is
sa
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ig h
D
INFERENCE: 71.97% of the employees are satisfied with the safety equipments provided by the organization.
45
H
ig h
H
ly
Di s
Sa
ly
sa tis
tis
eu t
fie
d
d
0
TABLE NO: 5.1.12 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENTS Safety Equipments Shoes Goggles Nose mask Ear Muff Helmet Safety belt HIGHLY IMPORTANT 65 93 90 66 53 40 IMPORTANT 88 63 65 87 87 92 NOT IMPORTANT 4 1 2 4 17 25 157 157 157 157 157 157 TOTAL
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.12 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
70 60
Percentage
50 40 30 20 10 0 Highly important Important Not important
m as k
N
Safety Equipments
INFERENCE: 59.23 % of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared to other safety equipments.
el m et Sa fe ty be lt
oe s
gl
es
G og
Sh
os e
Ea
rM
H
uf f
46
TABLE NO: 5.1.13 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE EFFORTS TAKEN BY THE ORGANIZATION TO ENSURE EMPLOYEE SAFETY
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total
SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 35 106 15 1 0 157
Percentage 22.29 67.52 9.55 0.64 0 100
CHART NO: 5.2.13 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE EFFORTS TAKEN BY ORGANIZATION TO ENSURE SAFETY
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 22.29 9.55 0.64 0 67.52
d
l
d
eu tra
fie
d
fie
sa tis
at is fie
ly
iss
ig h
D
H
INFERENCE: 67.52% of the employees are satisfied with the efforts taken by the organization to ensure safety.
47
H
ig h
ly
D
iss at is
tis
Sa
N
fie
d
TABLE NO: 5.1.14 TRAINING PROGRAM FOR SAFETY
Factors Yes No Total
No. of Respondents 105 52 157
Percentage 66.88 33.12 100
SOURCE: Primary Data
CHART NO: 5.2.14 TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR SAFETY
33.12
66.88
Yes
No
INFERENCE: 66.88% of the respondents have undergone training program conducted by the organization. Hence the organization should take steps to identify the employees who have not undergone training programme through verification of records.
48
TABLE NO: 5.1.15 TYPES OF TRAINING PROGRAME Factors Electrical safety Chemical safety Health safety General safety measures Machine safety Fire safety Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.15 TYPES OF TRAINING PROGRAMME
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Fire safety General safety measures Electrical safety Health safety
No. of Respondents 20 8 11 39 19 52 149
Percentage 13.42 5.37 7.38 26.17 12.75 34.90 100
34.9 26.17
13.42 5.37 7.38
12.75
0
Chemical safety
INFERENCE: 34.90% of the employees have under gone fire safety training programme and 26.17% have undergone general safety measure programmes.
49
Machine safety
TABLE NO: 5.1.16 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.16 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMME
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
ly sa ti
No. of Respondents 8 76 21 0 0 105
Percentage 7.62 72.38 20 0 0 100
72.38
20 7.62 0
ie sf d tis Sa d fie N eu l tra D a iss ti ie sf d ly s Di sa fie tis d
0
H
h ig
H
h ig
INFERENCE: 72.38% of the employees are satisfied with the safety training programme that they have undergone in the company.
50
TABLE NO: 5.1.17 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON WORK ENVIRONMENT
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total
SOURCE: Primary Data
No. of Respondents 18 99 34 6 0 157
Percentage 11.46 63.06 21.66 3.82 0 100
CHART NO: 5.2.17 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON WORK ENVIRONMENT
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
63.06
21.66 11.46 3.82 0
sa tis fie d
eu tra l
Sa tis fie d
N
tis fie d iss a D H ig hl y
ig hl y
INFERENCE: 63.06% of the employees are satisfied with the work environment.
H
51
D
iss a
tis fie d
TABLE NO: 5.1.18 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON ELECTRIFICATION IN THE SHOP FLOOR Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.18 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON ELECTRIFICATION IN THE SHOP FLOOR No. of Respondents 16 87 46 8 0 157 Percentage 10. 19 55. 41 29.30 5.10 0 100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10.19
55.41
29.3
5.1
0
tra l N eu
52
d
INFERENCE: 55.41% of the respondents are satisfied with electrical connections. the organization should ensure that all the electrical connections are properly fixed.
D is sa tis fie H ig d hl y D is sa tis fie d
tis fie
sa
H ig hl
y
Sa
tis
fie d
TABLE NO: 5.1.19 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON CONDITIONS OF MACHINES
Factors Excellent Good Fair Poor Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.19 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON CONDITIONS OF MACHINE
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Excellent Good Fair Poor 19.74 12.74 67.52
No. of Respondents 31 106 20 0 157
Percentage 19.74 67.52 12.74 0 100
INFERENCE:
67.52% of the employees feel that machines in the shop floor are in good condition.
53
TABLE NO: 5.1.20 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON MAINTENANCE OF MACHINE GUARDS Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.20 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON MAINTENANCE MACHINE GUARDS
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6.37 0 0 25.48 68.15
No. of Respondents 10 107 40 0 0 157
Percentage 6. 37 68. 15 25. 48 0 0 100
d
fie
fie d
ra l
iss at is fie
sa tis
eu t
tis
N
ig h
D
INFERENCE: 68.15% of the respondents are satisfied with maintenance machine guards.
54
H
ig h
H
ly
Di s
Sa
ly
sa
tis
fie
d
d
TABLE NO: 5.1.21 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE WORK ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
S.no 1 2 3 4 Factors Cleanliness Ventilation Drinking water Lighting Highly satisfied 48 33 31 30 Satisfied 84 78 73 93 Neutral 22 37 49 30 Dissatisfied 2 8 3 3 Highly dissatisfied 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 157 157 157 157
SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.21 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON THE WORK ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly dissatisfied
Percentage
INFERENCE: Majority of the employees are satisfied with the work environmental factors.
C le an lin es s Ve nt ila D tio rin n ki ng w at er Li gh tin g
Environmental Factors
55
TABLE NO: 5.1.22 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON HOUSE KEEPING ACTIVITIES
Factors Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied Total SOURCE: Primary Data CHART NO: 5.2.22 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON HOUSE KEEPING ACTIVITIES
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 70.06
No. of Respondents 8 110 38 1 0 157
Percentage 5.10 70.06 24.20 0.64 0 100
24.2 5.1
0.64
0
H
ig
y hl
sa
fie tis
d Sa
d fie s i t
N
tra u e
l D a iss
fie tis
d ly
fi is t a ss i D
ed
H
h ig
INFERENCE:
70.06% of the employees are satisfied with the house keeping activities.
56
5.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 5.3.1 Relationship between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience of the respondents
CHI- SQUARE:
Years Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL
Highly Satisfied 1 5 11 16
Satisfied 2 47 68 117
Neutral 13 8 21
Dissatisfied 0
Highly Dissatisfied 1 1 2
Total 0 3 66 88 157
Step 1: Setting of Null Hypthosis Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience.
Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis: H1: There is a significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience of the respondents. Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%
57
CALCULATION: YEARS Below 20 21 & Above Total Step 4: ?2 = ( Oi – Ei)2 / Ei Highly Satisfied 55 79 134 Highly Dissatisfied 14 9 23 Total 69 88 157
where Ei = RT * CT / N O 55 14 79 9 E 58.89 10.11 75.11 12.89 (O – E)2 15.13 15.13 15.13 15.13 Total (O - E)2/E 0.26 1.50 0.20 1.17 3.13
?2 =
( O – E)2 / E = 3.13
Step 5: Degrees of freedom = {(r - 1) * (c – 1)} = (2 – 1) * (2 – 1) =1*1 =1
Step 6: The calculated value is 3.13 Step 7: The table value with 1 d.o.f at 5 % level of significance is 3.841 Step 8: The calculated value < Table value. Hence Null Hypothesis is accepted
58
INFERENCE: o There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience.
5.3.2 Relationship between employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents
CHI- SQUARE:
Years Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL
Excellent 15 16 31
Good 3 43 60 106
Fair 8 12 20
Poor 0
Total 0 3 66 88 157
Step 1: Setting up Null Hypothesis: Ho: There is no significant difference between the employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents. . Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis:
59
H1: There is a significant difference between employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents.
Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%
CALCULATION:
YEARS Below 20 21 & Above Total Step 4: ?2 = ( Oi – Ei)2 / Ei
Excellent 61 76 137
Fair 8 12 20
Total 69 88 157
where Ei = RT * CT / N (O – E)2 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 Total (O - E)2/E 0.01 0.07 0.008 0.06 0.148
O 61 8 76 12
E 60.21 8.79 76.79 11.21
?2 =
( O – E)2 / E = 0.148
Step 5: Degrees of freedom = {(r - 1) * (c – 1)} = (2 – 1) * (2– 1) =1*1 =1 Step 6: The calculated value is 0.148
60
Step 7: The table value with 1 d.o.f at 5 % level of significance is 3.841 Step 8: The calculated value < Table value. Hence Null Hypothesis is Accepted
INFERENCE: o There is no significant difference between the employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents
5.3.3 Relationship between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience
CHI- SQUARE: Years Below 5 5-10 11-20 21 & Above TOTAL Highly Satisfied 7 11 18 Satisfied 2 40 56 98 Neutral 14 20 34 Dissatisfied 1 5 1 7 Highly Dissatisfied Total 0 3 66 88 157
Step 1: Setting up Null Hypothesis: Ho: There is no significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience.
Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis:
61
H1: There is a significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience.
Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%
Step 4: ?2 = ( Oi – Ei)2 / Ei
where Ei = RT * CT / N CALCULATION: YEARS Below 20 21 & Above Total O E 49 20 67 21 50.98 18.02 65.02 22.98 Satisfied Dissatisfied 49 20 67 21 116 41 2 (O – E) (O - E)2/E 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 Total 0.08 0.22 0.06 0.17 0.53 Total 69 88 157
?2 =
( O – E)2 / E = 0.53
Step 5: Degrees of freedom = {(r - 1) * (c – 1)} = (2 – 1) * (2 – 1) = 1* 1 =1
Step 6: The calculated value is 0.53
62
Step 7:The table value with 1 d.o.f at 5 % level of significance is 3.841 Step 8: The calculated value < Table value. Hence Null Hypothesis is Accepted
INFERENCE: o There is no significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience.
5.3.4 SATISFACTION LEVEL OF EMPLOYEES WITH RESPECT TO THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD S.no 1 2 3 4 Factors Cleanliness Ventilation Drinking Water Lighting Highly satisfied 48 33 31 30 :5 :4 :3 :2 :1 Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied 84 78 73 93 22 37 49 30 2 8 3 3 Highly dissatisfied 1 1 1 1
Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied
63
CALCULATION:
1. Cleanliness:=[(48*5)+(84*4)+(22*3)+(2*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 4.12
2. Ventilation: =[(33*5)+(78*4)+(37*3)+(8*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 3.84
3. Drinking Water: =[(31*5)+(73*4)+(49*3)+(3*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 3.83 4. Lighting: =[(30*5)+(93*4)+(30*3)+(3*2)+(1*1)] / 157 = 3.94
INFERENCE: o Majority of the respondents give more importance to cleanliness when compared to the other factors of work environment.
64
5.3.5 EMPLOYEES OPINION ON IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD Safety Equipments Shoes Goggles Nose mask Ear Muff Helmet Safety belt Highly Important 65 93 90 66 53 40 Important 88 63 65 87 87 92 Not Important 4 1 2 4 17 25 157 157 157 157 157 157 Total
HIGHLY IMPORTANT: 3 IMPORTANT NOT IMPORTANT :2 :1
CALCULATION:
1. SHOES: ={(65*3)+(88*2)+(4*1)}/157 = 2.39
2. GOGGLES: ={(93*3)+(63*2)+(1*1)}/157 = 2.59
65
3. NOSE MASK: ={(90*3)+(65*2)+(2*1)}/157 = 2.56
4. EAR MUFF: ={(66*3)+(87*2)+(4*1)}/157 = 2.39
5. Helmet: ={(53*3)+(87*2)+(17*1)}/157 = 2.23
6. Safety belt: ={(40*3)+(92*2)+(25*1)}/157 = 2.10
INFERENCE: o Majority of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared with other safety equipments provided to them by the organization.
66
CHAPTER VI
FINDINGS
? 47.77 % of the employee’s are in the age group of 41-50 years. ? 56.05% of the employees are having experience of more than 21 years. ? 47.77% of the employee’s fall under the income group of 20,001 & above. ? 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with implementation of safety provisions in the organizations. ? 74.52% of the respondents are satisfied with respect to the safety measures provided to them. ? 42.68% feels that productivity can increases to some extent by practicing of industrial safety to create good work environment. ? 87.90% of the employees have not met with the accident while working ? 52.63% of the accident occurs during night shift. ? Out of 157 respondents 88 employees feels that not following the prescribed rules is the major cause for accident in the workplace.
67
? 78.98% of the employees are satisfied with the first-aid provided by the organization at the time of accidents. ? 71.97% of the employees are satisfied with the safety equipments provided by the organization. ? 59.23 % of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared to other safety equipments. ? 67.52% of the employees are satisfied with the efforts taken by the organization to ensure safety. ? 66.88% of the respondents have undergone training program conducted by the organization. ? 34.90% of the employees have under gone fire safety training program next followed by general safety measure programmes. ? 72.38% of the employees are satisfied with the safety training program that they have undergone in the organization. ? 62.42% of the employees are satisfied with the work environment. ? 55.41% of the respondents are satisfied with electrical connections. ? 67.52% of the employees feel that machines in the shop floor are in good condition. ? 68.15% of the respondents are satisfied with machine guards.
68
? Majority of the employees are satisfied with the work environmental factors. ? 70.06% of the employees are satisfied with the house keeping activities.
FINDINGS RELATED TO STATISTICAL TOOLS:
? There is no significant difference between the satisfaction levels of employees regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience. ? There is no significant difference between the employees opinion regarding the conditions of machines with respect to the experience of the respondents. ? There is no significant difference between employees opinion regarding the work environment with respect to their experience. ? Majority of the respondents give more importance to cleanliness when compared to the other factors of work environment. ? Majority of the respondents give more importance to goggles when compared with other safety equipments provided to them by the organization.
69
CHAPTER VII
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
? The safety, health and environmental policy can be displayed widely at conspicuous locations (mounted on walls of the factory).The safety policies can be made known to all employees, contractors and contract employees by circulating the policies in both English and regional language.
? To motivate the employees every year competitions can be conducted on national safety day. Safety events can be conducted frequently to make awareness among the employees on safety.
? Steps have to be taken to identify the employees those who have not undergone any formal safety programme through verification of records and train them. This will ensure some safety awareness among them. Training can be given through unit wise, team wise like kaizen or work team.
70
? Attention should be focused on minor accidents so that major accidents can be prevented, for which analysis of accidents is necessary. To reduce the accidents, supervisory staff and management should be more pro-active in the shop floor, so that all the employees use the safety equipment’s provided to them.
? Safety issues like accidents, problems, achievements etc, which are discussed in the safety committee have to be communicated to the employees by the middle level management.
? Employer should ensure that the employee who works about 2m heights is wearing the safety belt.
? Every 100 sq m portable fire extinguishers can be provided so that at the time of accidents it can be used.
? Drinking water should be provided in appropriate locations
71
CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION
Industrial progress of the country depends on its committed labor force. Efficiency in work is possible only when the employees are safe in their working environment and also provided with some safety measures.
The study has revealed the perception of employees with regard to safety measures and work environment. The result of this study shows that majority of the employees perceive the present efforts taken by the Rane (Madras) Limited on safety measures and work environment is satisfactory yet there are some factors which need to be concentrated by the company which is suggested by the researcher to ensure hundred percentage safety and congenial work environment which in turn in improve the efficiency and confidence of the employees.
Hence, in designing safety programmes and good working environment the management should not compromise even with the smallest safety concept which may be costly to both management and the employees.
72
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of
Industrial
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JOURNALS REFERED:
1.
Industrial
Safety
Chronical,VOL.NO:
XXXVII,Oct-Dec-
2006,Pudlished by National Safety Council. 2. Industrial Safety, VOL: 39, Monthly Newsletter of National safety Council. Web sites 1. www.rane.co.in 2. www.yahoo.com 3. www.google.com 4. www.wekipedia.com 5. www.j-gate.com
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