HERIDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
Meenakshi sankhla
INTRODUCTION
• To study the human behaviour it is important to understand the role of heredity and environment . • Psychologists commonly refer : heredity = Nature Environment = Nurture
HEREDITY
Heredity refers to our biologically inherited characteristics. Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause a species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics
MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
SPERM (male reproductive organs) + OVAM (female reproductive organs)
= ZYGOTE
GENES AND CHROMRSOMES
1. Zygote consist of = 46 chromosomes(23 in pairs) 2. 23 from father and 23 from mother. 3. Each chromosome contain thousands of “ GENES “. 4. Genes are discovered by Gregor Mendel. 5. Genes are basic unit of heredity and responsible for transfer of characters from parents to offspring.
TYPES OF GENES
1. Dominant genes: A gene whose effect shows up in a child whether or not it is paired with similar type of gene . Example: blue eyes (father) + brown eyes (mother)------> dominant genes
= brown eyes (child)
2.Recessive genes
Recessive gene is that whose effect is shown up only when it is paired with one just like itself. Example: blue eyes(father) + blue eyes(mother)
= blue eyes(child)
Determination of Sex
FATHER>>>>>>>>>>>> XY + MOTHER>>>>>>>>>>> XX = FERTILIZATION MALE=XY FEMALE=XX
TWINS
Role of Environment
1. Prenatal environment
1. Postnatal environment a. Family environment b. Social environment c. School environment d. Cultural environment
PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT
• It refers to the environment before birth. • Some factors which influence prenatal environment are as follows: 1. Prenatal Nourishment 2. Drug Intake 3. Mothers Health 4. Medical x-Rays 5. Mothers Age 6. Environmental Hazards
POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Family Environment: A. Family structure B. Family atmosphere C. Family relationships D. Pathological Family Patterns Factors that influence family atmosphere: i.) Child-rearing practices ii.) Parental work
i. Child rearing practices:
i. Authoritarian parenting style : (control and obedience) ii. Authoritative parenting style : (Democratic) iii. Permissive parenting style : (unlimited freedom) iv. Neglectful or uninvolved style: (parents focus on there own needs)
ii. Parents work
1. Children of working mother were better adjusted socially and have positive outlook.
2. But on the other hand due to poor supervision engage in smoking, drinking etc.
iii. Family relationships
1. Parent child relationship 2. Ordinal position (Birth order) 3. Relationship with siblings
iv. Pathological family patterns
i. Emotional depreviation ii. Over protectionism iii. Rejection iv. Favoritisms v. Unrealistic expectations vi. Traumatic early childhood experience vii. Trauma due to death viii.Trauma due to divorce
2. Social Environment
1. Influence of peer environment
2. Socioeconomic status 3. Effects of Scientific and technological development 4. Influence of mass media
3.School Atmosphere
A. TEACHER PUPIL RELATIONSHIP
Cultural Factors
A. Religious Affiliations
NATURE vs NURTURE
Predominantly Environmental Interactional Predominantly Genetic
Specific language Specific religion
Height Weight Skin color
Blood type Eye color
HEREDITY AND ENV.
THANKS
doc_238240320.pptx
Meenakshi sankhla
INTRODUCTION
• To study the human behaviour it is important to understand the role of heredity and environment . • Psychologists commonly refer : heredity = Nature Environment = Nurture
HEREDITY
Heredity refers to our biologically inherited characteristics. Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause a species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics
MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
SPERM (male reproductive organs) + OVAM (female reproductive organs)
= ZYGOTE
GENES AND CHROMRSOMES
1. Zygote consist of = 46 chromosomes(23 in pairs) 2. 23 from father and 23 from mother. 3. Each chromosome contain thousands of “ GENES “. 4. Genes are discovered by Gregor Mendel. 5. Genes are basic unit of heredity and responsible for transfer of characters from parents to offspring.
TYPES OF GENES
1. Dominant genes: A gene whose effect shows up in a child whether or not it is paired with similar type of gene . Example: blue eyes (father) + brown eyes (mother)------> dominant genes
= brown eyes (child)
2.Recessive genes
Recessive gene is that whose effect is shown up only when it is paired with one just like itself. Example: blue eyes(father) + blue eyes(mother)
= blue eyes(child)
Determination of Sex
FATHER>>>>>>>>>>>> XY + MOTHER>>>>>>>>>>> XX = FERTILIZATION MALE=XY FEMALE=XX
TWINS
Role of Environment
1. Prenatal environment
1. Postnatal environment a. Family environment b. Social environment c. School environment d. Cultural environment
PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT
• It refers to the environment before birth. • Some factors which influence prenatal environment are as follows: 1. Prenatal Nourishment 2. Drug Intake 3. Mothers Health 4. Medical x-Rays 5. Mothers Age 6. Environmental Hazards
POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Family Environment: A. Family structure B. Family atmosphere C. Family relationships D. Pathological Family Patterns Factors that influence family atmosphere: i.) Child-rearing practices ii.) Parental work
i. Child rearing practices:
i. Authoritarian parenting style : (control and obedience) ii. Authoritative parenting style : (Democratic) iii. Permissive parenting style : (unlimited freedom) iv. Neglectful or uninvolved style: (parents focus on there own needs)
ii. Parents work
1. Children of working mother were better adjusted socially and have positive outlook.
2. But on the other hand due to poor supervision engage in smoking, drinking etc.
iii. Family relationships
1. Parent child relationship 2. Ordinal position (Birth order) 3. Relationship with siblings
iv. Pathological family patterns
i. Emotional depreviation ii. Over protectionism iii. Rejection iv. Favoritisms v. Unrealistic expectations vi. Traumatic early childhood experience vii. Trauma due to death viii.Trauma due to divorce
2. Social Environment
1. Influence of peer environment
2. Socioeconomic status 3. Effects of Scientific and technological development 4. Influence of mass media
3.School Atmosphere
A. TEACHER PUPIL RELATIONSHIP
Cultural Factors
A. Religious Affiliations
NATURE vs NURTURE
Predominantly Environmental Interactional Predominantly Genetic
Specific language Specific religion
Height Weight Skin color
Blood type Eye color
HEREDITY AND ENV.
THANKS
doc_238240320.pptx