Description
Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) (BSE: 532388) is a major bank based in Chennai (Madras), with more than 2650 domestic branches, 3 extension counters and six branches overseas as of
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
A REPORT ON
EVALUATION OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK
BY
RUPALI P. ADHANGLE
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK
1|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
A PROJECT REPORT ON
ANALYSIS OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK
BY
(RUPALI P ADHANGLE) (MS111 201)
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF
THE MMS PROGRAM (CLASS OF 2012) INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTER STUDIES
2|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB CERTIFICATE
2012-13
This is to certify that the Project report titled Evaluation of working capital management in Indian overseas bank submitted by Miss.Rupali p. Adhangle. Enrolment No. MS111201 during Semester III of the MMS Program (Class Of 2013) embodies original work done by her.
Signature of the Project Guide Name : Designation: Institute: ANIL MATKAR PROFESSOR IMCOST
3|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the writing of this book. My deepest thanks to MR. ANIL MATKAR the guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. My deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Das as a Chief Manager & Mr. Vinayak Kulkarni, spl Assistant, INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK, for their support. I would also thanks my institution and my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.
THANK YOU,
PLACE: MUMBAI DATE: 15TH OCT,2012
RUPALI P.ADHANGLE
4|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
DECLARATION
I here by declare that the project work entitled ? EVALUATION OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK? submitted to the Mumbai university, is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of MR. ANIL MATKAR, faculty member, from INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & COMPUTER STUDIES, THANE I further declare that this project is the result of my own efforts.
Place: MUMBAI Date: 15TH OCT,2012
RUPALI P. ADHANGLE
5|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
TABLE OF CONTENT
SR NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
9
CHAPTER 1.
INRODUCTION 1. Introduction 2. Objective 3. Scope 4. Company profile 5. Organization chart 6. Research methodology 6.1.Primary data 6.2. Secondary data
11 12 12 13 14 15
CHAPTER 2.
CONCEPTUAL RELEVANCE 1. What is working capital 2. Definition of working capital 3. Importance Working capital 4. Working capital management 4.1.Introduction 4.2. Composition of working capital 5. Concept of working capital 5.1.On the basis of concept 5.2.On the basis of time 6. Determinants of working capital needs 7. Approaches to managing working capital 8. Adequacy of working capital
17 17 17 18
19 20 21-23 24 25-26
CHAPTER 3.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IOB 1. Working capital assessment in IOB 2. Computation of working capital limit 3. Case study analysis
28 29 30-33
CHAPTER 4.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
34-36
6|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 5.
GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF IOB 1. Balance sheet of IOB 2. Profit & loss A/C of IOB 2.1.Analysis of NWC of IOB 3. Comparison of IOB with their competitors 3.1.Analysis & interpretation of IOB with their competitors
38 39 40-46 47 48-60
CHAPTER 6.
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION 1. FINDINGS 2. SUGGESTIONS 3. CONCLUSION
61 62 63 64
CHAPTER 7.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
65-66
7|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
TABLE OF CHART & ILLUSRATION
SR NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
CONTENT Organisation of chart Assessment of working capital IOB balance sheet as at 31.3.13 IOB profit & loss a/c as at 31.3.13 Analysis of net working capital 5.1. graph for Current assets 5.2. graph for current liabilities 5.3. graph for net working capital Graph of current ratio Graph of quick ratio Graph of working capital ratio Comparison of IOB with their competitors 9.1. analysis & interpretation of IOB with their competitors
PAGE NO. 13 32 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47-60
6. 7. 8. 9.
8|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Management of working capital includes consideration for net working capital, by managing current assets to current liabilities. This means organization have to factor in a certain amount of risk-return trade-offs in the decision making process. In order to avoid problems organization have to make good decisions which overlap between current assets and current liabilities are used. The essence of the study is that the highest valued assets of a banking company is its working capital which constitutes the major part of total capital of the banking company. It helps to know the current condition of the bank the total amount of its current assets & total amount of current liabilities. I am releving theoretical aspects related to working capital management in the IOB, profile of IOB, major other banks who is the competitors of IOB and analysis of their performance & growth, analysis & interpretation of working capital of IOB gives overall financial view of IOB in the banking sector.
9|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
10 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. INTRODUCTION The overall success of the company depends upon its working capital position. So it should be handled properly because it shows the efficiency & financial strength of a company. WCM is highly important in firms as it is used to generate further returns for thr stakeholders. Working Capital Management is a very important fact of financial management due to: ? Investments in current assets represent a substantial portion of total investment. ? Investment in current assets & the level of current liabilities have to be geared quickly to change sales. The working capital is the life blood & nerve centre of a business firm. The importance of working capital in any industry needs no special emphasis. No business can run effectively without a sufficient quantity of working capital. It is crucial to retain right level of working capital. WCM is one of the most important functions of corporate management. A business enterprises with ample working capital is always in a position to avail advantages of any favourable opportunity either to buy raw material or to implement a special order or to wait for enhanced market status. Working capital can be utilized for operating costs that are involved in the everyday life of business. Even very successful business owners may need working capital funds when the unexpected circumstances arises. WCM is highly important in firms as it is used to generate further return for the stakeholders. When working capital is managed improperly, allocating more than enough of it will render management non-efficient & reduce the benefits of short term investments. On the other hand, if working capital is too low, the company may miss a lot of profitable investment opportunities or suffer short term liquidity crises, leading to degradation of company credit, as it cannot respond effectively to temporary capital requirements.
Some the points to be studied under this topic are: ? How much cash should a firm hold? ? What should be the firms credit policy? ? How to & when to pay the creditors of the firm?
11 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
2. OBJECTIVES The objectives of project on Management of working capital are as follows-: ? To determine policy regarding profitability, liquidity and risk by considering company s objectives. ? To determine the quantum and structure of current assets. ? Determining the relationship between the current assets and current liabilities and hence liquidity is determined. Optimization of the amount of sales and investment in receivables. Analysis of Financial Statements
3. SCOPE The management of working capital helps us to maintain the working capital at a satisfactory level by managing the current assets and current liabilities. It also helps to maintain proper balance between profitability, risk and liquidity of the business significantly. By managing the working capital, current liabilities are paid in time. If the firm makes payment to it creditors for raw material in time, it can have the availability of raw material regularly, which doesn t cause any obstacles in production process. Adequate working capital increases paying capacity of the business but the excess working capital causes more inventory, increases the possibility of delay in realization of debts. On the other hand, absence of adequate working capital leads to decrease in return on investment. The goodwill of the firm is also adversely affected due to the inability to pay current liabilities in time. Hence, the management of working capital helps to manage all the factors affecting the working capital in the most profitable manner.
12 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
4. COMPANY PROFILE Established in 1937, Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) is a leading bank based in Chennai, India. IOB had the distinction of simultaneously commencing operations in three branches at Karaikudi, Chennai, and Yangon (Myanmar). Since IOB aimed to encourage overseas banking and foreign exchange operations, it soon opened its branches in Penang and Singapore. Today, Indian Overseas Bank boasts of a vast domain in banking sector with over 1400 domestic branches and 6 branches overseas. IOB was the first bank to venture into consumer credit, as it introduced the popular Personal Loan scheme. In 1964, the Bank started computerization in the areas of inter-branch reconciliation and provident fund accounts. Indian Overseas Bank was one of the 14 major banks which were nationalized in 1969. After nationalization, the Bank emphasized on opening its branches in rural parts of India. In 1979, IOB opened a Foreign Currency Banking Unit in the free trade zone in Colombo. In the year 2000, Indian Overseas Bank undertook an initial public offering (IPO) that brought the government's share in the bank's equity down to 75%. The equity shares of IOB are listed in the Madras Stock Exchange (Regional), Bombay Stock Exchange, and National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., Mumbai. Since its inception, IOB has absorbed various banks including the latest — Bharat Overseas Bank — in 2007. The Bank's IT department has developed software, which is used by its 1200 branches to provide online banking to customers. Indian Overseas Bank also has a network of about 500 ATMs throughout India. Its International VISA Debit Card is accepted at all ATMs belonging to the Cash Tree and NFS networks. IOB also offers Internet Banking; it's one of the banks that the Govt. of India has approved for online payment of taxes. Indian Overseas Bank offers investment options like Mutual Funds and Shares. It provides a wide range of consumer and commercial banking services, including Savings Account, Current Account, Depositary Services, VISA Cards, Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Online Banking, Any Branch Banking, Home Loans, NRI Account, Agricultural Loans, Payment of Bills / Taxes, Provident Fund Scheme, Forex Collection Services, Retail Loans, etc.
13 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
5. ORGANISATION CHART
Chair man
Executive Director
General Manager Deputy General Manager Assistant Manager
Chief Manager
Senior Manager
Manager
Officer
Subordinate/ Clerical Staff
14 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.1.
Primary Data:
The information is collected through the primary sources like: ? Talking with the employees of the department. ? Getting information by observations e.g. in manufacturing processes. ? Discussion with the head of the department. 6.2. Secondary Data:
The data is collected through the secondary sources like: ? ? ? ? Annual Reports of the company. Office manuals of the department. Magazines, Reports in the company. Policy documents of various departments.
15 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 2.
CONCEPTUAL RELEVANCE OF WCM IN IOB
16 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. WHAT IS WORKING CAPITAL? Working capital refers to the investment by the company in short terms assets such as cash, marketable securities. Net current assets or net working capital refers to the current assets less current liabilities. Symbolically, it means, Net Current Assets = Current Assets Current Liabilities.
2. DEFINITIONS OF WORKING CAPITAL: The following are the most important definitions of Working capital: 1) Working capital is the difference between the inflow and outflow of funds. In other words it is the net cash inflow. 2) Working capital represents the total of all current assets. In other words it is the Gross working capital, it is also known as Circulating capital or Current capital for current assets are rotating in their nature. 3) Working capital is defined as The excess of current assets over current liabilities and provisions. In other words it is the Net Current Assets or Net Working Capital 3. IMPORTANCE OF WORKING CAPITAL Working capital may be regarded as the lifeblood of the business. Without insufficient working capital, any business organization cannot run smoothly or successfully. In the business the Working capital is comparable to the blood of the human body. Therefore the study of working capital is of major importance to the internal and external analysis because of its close relationship with the current day to day operations of a business. The inadequacy or mismanagement of working capital is the leading cause of business failures. To meet the current requirements of a business enterprise such as the purchases of services, raw materials etc. working capital is essential. It is also pointed out that working capital is nothing but one segment of the capital structure of a business. In short, the cash and credit in the business, is comparable to the blood in the human body like finance s life and strength i.e. profit of solvency to the business enterprise. Financial management is called upon to maintain always the right cash balance so that flow of fund is maintained at a desirable speed not allowing slow down. Thus enterprise can have a balance between liquidity and profitability. Therefore the management of working capital is essential in each and every activity.
17 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
4. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 4.1. INTRODUCTION: Working Capital is the key difference between the long term financial management and short term financial management in terms of the timing of cash. Long term finance involves the cash flow over the extended period of time i.e 5 to 15 years, while short term financial decisions involve cash flow within a year or within operating cycle. Working capital management is a short term financial management. Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities & the inter relationship that exists between them. The current assets refer to those assets which can be easily converted into cash in ordinary course of business, without disrupting the operations of the firm. 4.2. COMPOSITION OF WORKING CAPITAL: 4.2.1 Major Current Assets 1) Cash 2) Accounts Receivables 3) Inventory 4) Marketable Securities 4.2.2 Major Current Liabilities 1) Bank Overdraft 2) Outstanding Expenses 3) Accounts Payable 4) Bills Payable The Goal of Working Capital Management is to manage the firm s current assets & liabilities, so that the satisfactory level of working capital is maintained. If the firm cannot maintain the satisfactory level of working capital, it is likely to become insolvent & may be forced into bankruptcy. To maintain the margin of safety current asset should be large enough to cover its current assets. Main theme of the theory of working capital management is interaction between the current assets & current liabilities.
18 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
5. CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL: The term working capital denotes the requirement of then money by a manufacturing enterprises for its day-to-day financing of:i. Purchase a raw material, stores & spares. ii. Payment of wages to employees. iii. Payment of other expenses towards energy, fuel & water consumption, statutory dues, rates & taxes carriage expenses etc. iv. Other expenses required to be incurred in connection with the production, selling & administration etc There are 2 types of working capital: I) On the basis of concept i) Gross working capital ii) Net working capital On the basis of time i) Permanent/fixed working capital ii) Fluctuating/ variable working capital
II)
5.1 ON THE BASIS OF CONCEPT:5.1.1 Gross working capital: Grosss working capital means the firm’s investment in total current or floating (circulating) assets. ? Optimum investment in current assets: Excessive investments impairs firm s profitability, as idle investment earns nothing. Inadequate working capital can threaten solvency of the firm because of its inability to meet its current obligations. Therefore there should be adequate investment in current assets. ? Financing of current assets: Whenever the need for working capital funds arises, agreement should be made quickly. If surplus funds are available they should be invested in short term securities. 5.1.2 Net working capital (NWC):- defined by 2 ways, Difference between current assets and current liabilities Net working capital is that portion of current assets which is financed with long term funds. NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES
19 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
If the working capital is efficiently managed then liquidity and profitability both will improve. They are not components of working capital but outcome of working capital. Working capital is basically related with the question of profitability versus liquidity & related aspects of risk. 5.2 ON THE BASIS OF TIME:5.2.1 Permanent/fixed working capital
ermanent working capital may be defined as a minimum level of current assets. Which is required by a firm to carry on its business operation. Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw materials, WIP, finished goods and cash balances. For e.g:- extra inventory of finished goods will have to be maintained to support the peak periods of sales permanent working capital is permanently needed for the business & therefore, it should be financed out of long term funds. Fixed working capital remaining constant overtime
5.2.2 Fluctuate/variable working capital:It is the extra working capital needed to support the changing production & sales activities of the firm. The amount of temporary working capital keeps on fluctuating on time to time on the basis of business activities. Both king of working capital-permanent & variable(temporary) are necessary to facilitates production & sales through the operating cycle. The amount over & above permanent working capital is temporary variable of fluctuates.
20 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Fixed working capital increasing over time 6 DETERMINANTS OF WORKING CAPITAL NEEDS There are no set rules or formulas to determine the working capital requirements of a firm. The corporate management has to consider a number of factors to determine the level of working capital. The amount of working capital that a firm would need is affected not only by the factors associated with the firm itself but is also affected by economic, monetary and general business environment. Among the various factors the following are important ones. 6.1.Nature and Size of Business The working capital needs of a firm are basically influenced by the nature of its business. Trading and financial firms generally have a low investment in fixed assets, but require a large investment in working capital. Retail stores, for example, must carry large stocks of a variety of merchandise to satisfy the varied demand of their customers. Some manufacturing businesses' like tobacco, and construction firms also have to invest substantially in working capital but only a nominal amount in fixed assets. In contrast, public utilities have a limited need for working capital and have to invest abundantly in fixed assets. Their working capital requirements are nominal because they have cash sales only and they supply services, not products. Thus, the amount of funds tied up with debtors or in stocks is either nil or very small. The working capital needs of most of the manufacturing concerns fall between the two extreme requirements of trading firms and public utilities. The size of business also has an important impact on its working capital needs. Size may be measured in terms of the scale of operations. A firm with larger scale of operations will need more working capital than a small firm. The hazards and contin-gencies inherent in a particular type of business also have an influence in deciding the magnitude of working capital in terms of keeping liquid resources. 6.2 Manufacturing Cycle The manufacturing cycle starts with the purchase of raw materials and is completed with the production of finished goods. If the manufacturing cycle involves a longer period the need for working capital will be more, because an extended manufacturing time span means a larger tieup of funds in inventories. Any delay at any stage of manufacturing process will result in accumulation of work-in-process and will en-hance the requirement of working capital. You may have observed that firms making heavy machinery or other such products, involving long manufacturing cycle, attempt to minimise their investment in inventories (and thereby in working capital) by seeking advance or periodic payments from customers. 6.3 Business Fluctuations Seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in demand for a product affect the working capital requirement considerably, especially the temporary working capital requirements of the firm. An
21 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
upward swing in the economy leads to increased sales, resulting in an increase in the firm's investment in inventory and receivables or book debts. On the other hand, a decline in the economy may register a fall in sales and, consequently, a fall in the levels of stocks and book debts. Seasonal fluctuations may also create production problems. Increase in production level may be expensive during peak periods. A firm may follow a policy of steady production in all seasons to utilise its resources to the fullest extent. This will mean accumulation of inventories in off-season and their quick disposal in peak season. Therefore, financial arrangements for seasonal working capital requirement should be made in advance. The financial plan should be flexible enough to take care of any seasonal fluctuations. 6.4 Production Policy If a firm follows steady production policy, even when the demand is seasonal, inven-tory will accumulate during off-season periods and there will be higher inventory costs and risks. If the costs and risks of maintaining a constant production schedule are high, the firm may adopt the policy of varying its production schedule in accordance with the changes in demand. Firms whose physical facilities can be utilised for manufacturing a variety of products can have the advantage of diversified activities. Such firms manufacture their main products during the season and other products during off-season. Thus, production policies may differ from firm to firm, depending upon the circumstances. Accordingly, the need for working capital will also vary. 6.5 Turnover of Circulating Capital The speed with which the operating cycle completes its round (i.e., cash ? raw materials ? finished product ? accounts receivables ? cash) plays a decisive role in influencing the working capital needs. 6.6 Credit Terms The credit policy of the firm affects the size of working capital by influencing the level of book debts. Though the credit terms granted to customers to a great extent depend upon the norms and practices of the industry or trade to which the firm belongs; yet it may endeavor to shape its credit policy within such constraints. A long collection period will generally mean tying of larger funds in book debts. Slack collection procedures may even increase the chances of bad debts. The working capital requirements of a firm are also affected by credit terms granted by its creditors. A firm enjoying liberal credit terms will need less working capital.
6.7 Growth and Expansion Activities As a company grows, logically, larger amount of working capital will be needed, though it is difficult to state any firm rules regarding the relationship between growth in the volume of a firm's business and its working capital needs. The fact to recognize is that the need for increased working capital funds may precede the growth in busi-ness activities, rather than following it.
22 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
The shift in composition of working capital in a company may be observed with changes in economic circumstances and corporate practices. Growing industries require more working capital than those that are static. 6.8 Operating Efficiency Operating efficiency means optimum utilisation of resources. The firm can minimise its need for working capital by efficiently controlling its operating costs. With in-creased operating efficiency the use of working capital is improved and pace of cash cycle is accelerated. Better utilisation of resources improves profitability and helps in relieving the pressure on working capital.
6.9 Price Level Changes Generally, rising price level requires a higher investment in working capital. With increasing prices the same levels of current assets need enhanced investment. However, firms which can immediately revise prices of their products upwards may not face a severe working capital problem in periods of rising levels. The effects of increasing price level may, however, be felt differently by different firms due to variations in individual prices. It is possible that some companies may not be affected by the rising prices, whereas others may be badly hit by it.
6.10
Other Factors
There are some other factors, which affect the determination of the need for working capital. A high net profit margin contributes towards the working capital pool. The net profit is a source of working capital to the extent it has been earned in cash. The cash inflow can be calculated by adjusting non-cash items such as depreciation, out-standing expenses, losses written off, etc, from the net profit, (as discussed in Unit 6). The firm's appropriation policy, that is, the policy to retain or distribute profits also has a bearing on working capital. Payment of dividend consumes cash resources and thus reduces the firm ',s
'
working capital to that extent. If the profits are retained in the business, the firm s working capital position will be strengthened. In general, working capital needs also depend upon the means of transport and communication. If they are not well developed, the industries will have to keep huge stocks of raw materials, spares, finished goods, etc. at places of production, as well as at distribution outlets.
23 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
7. APPROACHES TO MANAGING WORKING CAPITAL Two approaches are generally followed for the management of working capital: (i) the conventional approach, and (ii) the operating cycle approach. 7.1. The Conventional Approach This approach implies managing the individual components of working capital (i.e. inventory, receivables, payables, etc) efficiently and economically so that there are neither idle funds nor paucity of funds. Techniques have been evolved for the man-agement of each of these components. In India, more emphasis is given to the man-agement of debtors because they generally constitute the largest share of the invest-ment in working capital. On the other hand, inventory control has not yet been practised on a wide scale perhaps due to scarcity of goods (or commodities) and ever rising prices. 7.2. The Operating Cycle Approach
-
This approach views working capital as a function of the volume of operating ex penses. Under this approach the working capital is determined by the duration of the operating cycle and the operating expenses needed for completing the cycle. The duration of the operating cycle is the number of day involved in the various stages, commencing with acquisition of raw materials to the realisation of proceeds from debtors. The credit period allowed by creditors will have to be set off in the process. The optimum level of working capital will be the requirement of operating expenses for an operating cycle, calculated on the basis of operating expenses required for a year. In India, most of the organisations use to follow the conventional approach earlier, but now the practice is shifting in favour of the operating cycle approach. The banks usually apply this approach while granting credit facilities to their clients.
OPERATING CYCLE OF WORKING CAPITAL
24 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
8. ADEQUACY OF WORKING CAPITAL The firm should maintain a sound working capital position. It should have adequate working capital to run its business operations. Both excessive as well as inadequate working capital positions are dangerous from the firms point of view. Excessive working capital not only impairs the firms profitability but also result in production interruptions and inefficiencies. 8.1. The dangers of excessive working capital are as follows: ? It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories. Thus, chances of inventory mishandling, waste, theft and losses increase. ? It is an indication of defective credit policy slack collections period. Consequently, higher incidence of bad debts results, which adversely affects profits. ? Excessive working capital makes management complacent which degenerates into managerial inefficiency. ? Tendencies of accumulating inventories tend to make speculative profits grow. This may tend to make dividend policy liberal and difficult to cope with in future when the firm is unable to make speculative profits.
8.2. Inadequate working capital is also bad and has the following dangers: ? It stagnates growth. It becomes difficult for the firm to undertake profitable projects for non- availability of working capital funds. ? It becomes difficult to implement operating plans and achieve the firm s profit target. ? Operating inefficiencies creep in when it becomes difficult even to meet day commitments. ? Fixed assets are not efficiently utilized for the lack of working capital funds. Thus, the firm s profitability would deteriorate. ? Paucity of working capital funds render the firm unable to avail attractive credit opportunities etc. ? The firm loses its reputation when it is not in a position to honour its short-term obligations. As a result, the firm faces tight credit terms. An enlightened management should, therefore, maintain the right amount of working capital on a continuous basis. Only then a proper functioning of business operations will be ensured. Sound financial and statistical techniques, supported by judgment, should be used to predict the quantum of working capital needed at different time periods.
25 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
A firm s net working capital position is not only important as an index of liquidity but it is also used as a measure of the firm’s risk. Risk in this regard means chances of the firm being unable to meet its obligations on due date. The lender considers a positive net working as a measure of safety. All other things being equal, the more the net working capital a firm has, the less likely that it will default in meeting its current financial obligations. Lenders such as commercial banks insist that the firm should maintain a minimum net working capital position.
26 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 3
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IOB
27 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. WORKING CAPITAL ASSESSMENT IN IOB ? Borrowers with working capital limit upto Rs.2crores (Rs.7.5crore for MSME borrowers) will be assessed as per Nayak Committee Recommendation i.e.Turnover Method. ? When the working capital limits are fixed under turnover method. It is based on sales projections. ? Borrowers enjoying working capital limit of Rs.2crore and upto Rs.10crore in respect of MSME borrowers the existing traditional method of arriving at the permissible bank finance calling CMA data will be continued. ? FOR E.G: If the holding period of raw material in a borrower unit is more than the normal average period in general in a particular industry and in that level if the borrower is really doing well then we have to based on past experience of the borrower. ? CURRENT RATIO: It is stipulated by IOB that the current ratio of 1.33:1 (1.25:1) for MSE units continued as benchmark for deciding the working capital requirements of borrower. However, in justifiable cases lower current ratio can be considered acceptable on a case to case basis depending upon then components of current assets and current liabilities. ? MONITARING AND FOLLOW UP: Borrower with working capital limit of above 10crore who has opted for cash budget system has to submit cash budget with Annexure relating to position of C.A & C.L every month.
28 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
2. COMPUTATION OF W.C LIMIT: A) MSME units requiring fund based working capital limits upto Rs.7.5crore to be provided the limits computed on the basis of 20% of their projected annual turnover method. The units would be required to bring in 5% of their annual turnover margin money. 25% of the annual turnover should be compared as working capital requirement of which one fifth should be met by the borrower contributions and balance by the bank. Gross sales are the basis for the projected turnover. B) In case the W.C cycle is shorter than three months, the working capital required would be less than 25% of projected turnover. The bank finance need not be 20% of turnover. However, borrower’s consent should be obtained in waiting for sanctioning reduced limit. C) If ne W.C or margin in the system is already in excess of 5% of turnover. The working capital limit from bank could be fixed less than 20%. However, the genuine requirement of the units are to be met adequately. There is no restriction on extending finance at a level that is higher than 20% of turnover. D) For the purpose of working out bank finance in case of an existing unit, the basis officials and entrepreneurs should work out an agreed growth rate and projected turnover based on the past performance, the likely prospects and few other factors like modernization/ expansion of existing manufacturing capacity government policy on taxation etc. E) For those sectors in the industry which are recording positive growth & when the individual unit in the industry has also recorded positive growth during the last 2 to 3 yrs growth rate of a minimum of 15% over the current year’s turnover may be accepted for arriving at projected sales turnover. F) For new units. Break even level of capacity/sales or nearby that level may be accepted as the accepted projected sales turnover for sanction of necessary working capital limit.The projection accepted by the term lending institutions for the first year of operation may be accepted by the bank for accessing working capital requirement of new units. G) For fixing limits against stocks, receivables etc. the existing syatems and procedure should continue. The operations of the limits should be allowed after taking into account the value of stock & unpaid stocks.
29 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS BRANCH –THANE A/C- ADITI BROOMS PVT.LTD. ACTIVITY- MANUFACTURING & SELLING OF NATURAL BROOMS. PURPOSE OF NOTE: TO CONSIDER THE REQUEST OF THE COMPANY TO SANTION THEM WORKING CAPITAL LIMIT IN THE FORM OF CASH CREDIT OF RS.300.LACS
3.1. BACKGROUND OF THE CO. M/S. Aditi Brooms Pvt.Ltd. is a pvt ltd co. incorporated on 17.01.2011 with following as its directors. 1) Mr. mayur L gala 2) Mr. bhawanji M karani
The company is engaged in manufacturing & selling of natural brooms. Mr. mayor L gala is the key promoter of the company, has vast experience of business in this field. He was engaged with his father shri laliji gala in the business. Shri laliji gala had started the business of manufacturing & traditional brooms during 1945 in the name of m/s. laliji ravji & co. at masjid bunder, Mumbai.
30 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.2.
FINANCIAL INDICATOR OF SUBJECT COMPANY Year Ending Audit status Netsales Operating profit Net profit after tax Cash generation Net working capital Current ratio TNW TOL/TNW Adjusted TOL/TNW Term liability/TNW 31.3.2011 Audited 43.37 0.61 0.61 0.61 81.6 1.83:1 1.6 111.6 1.21 50 31.3.2012 Estimated 699.04 26.64 18.65 18.65 100.27 1.26:1 44.27 10.05 1.26 -1.07 31.3.2013 Projection 1000 41.33 28.93 28.93 139.2 1.34:1 73.2 6.74 0.96 0.63 31.3.2014 Projection 1150 52.09 36.46 36.46 179.66 1.38:1 109.66 5.97
3.3.
FINANCIAL POSITION OF SUBJECTED COMPANY Year Ending Audit Status LIABILITIES: capital reserves long term liabilities current liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES ASSESTS: fixed assets non current assets current assets intangible assests TOTAL ASSETS 31.3.2011 Audited 31.3.2012 Provisional 31.3.2013 Projection
1.6 80 98.72 180.32
44.27 56 389.17 489.44
73.2 70 423.49 566.69
Nil Nil 180.32 Nil 180.32
nil nil 489.44 nil 489.44
nil nil 566.69 nil 566.69
31 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.4. COMMENTS ON FINANCIAL/PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY As the company has started their activity during third quarter of the financial year, their balance sheet shows the performance of a quarter for the year ended 2010-11.As this was their first year, the past performance cannot be ascertained. SALES: They have achieved sales of Rs.105.00 lacs which is for two months sales. As per provisional B/S as of 31.3.2012 they achieved sales of Rs.699.04 lacs as against projected turnover of Rs 1000 lacs for 2011-12. The co. stated that they could not achieve the targeted sales as the crop was not upto the mark during the year 2011-12 and also this was their first year of operation. Though the bank have sanctioned a CC limit of Rs.300 lacs, the avg utilisation was less. It is informed that they started their another unit at banglore, put together the sales projected for Rs.1000 lacs may be achievable for the year 2012-13 PROFITS: The main cost is towards raw material and labour charges. As the company could not achieved the estimated sales, they could not achieve the estimated profit also for the financial yr 2011-12. TNW: The directors have brought Rs.25 lacs as capital with plough back of profit this is increased to Rs. 44.27 lacs as on 31.3.2012 In addition to this Rs.56 lacs is brought in as unsecured loan which will be in the business as projected. TOL/TNW: TOL/TNW is very high for 2011 & 12. By taking the USL as quasi equity this will improve. NWC & CR: NWC is positive & shown increasing with the NWC increasing the current ratio also projected above the benchmark level. Overall financial projected appears satisfactory.
32 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.5.
ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL (Rs. In lacs)
Particulars Current assets : Stock Sundry debtors Other current assets Total current assets Less: Current liabilities: Sundry creditors Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Working capital gap (WCG) Less: 25% of C.A Projected NWC for 2013 MPBF Cash credit requested
31.3.2013 293.59 246.58 26.53 566.69
110.10 13.39 123.49 443.20 141.67 301.53 300.00 300.00
33 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
34 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. WORKING CAPITAL: Working capital is the fund available for meeting day to day requirement. Difference between current assets and current liabilities is called working capital. 2. CURRENT ASSETS: Current asset are resources, which are in cash or will soon be converted into cash within accounting year. 3. CURRENT LIABILITIES: Current liabilities are committment which will soon require settlement within the accounting year. A] A study on woking capital management with special reference to HMT MACHINE TOOL LTD. Kala massery was done by ms.smitha saviout on june 2007. The objective of the study is to analyse the liquidity position of the company to compute the average collection & payment period & to analyse the short term solvency of the concern. The conclusion of the study is that the working capital of the company is found not satisfactory. Analyzing the various liquidity ratios, it is found that all the liquidity ratios are not good than the normal concepts. The large holding of current assets strengthens firms liquidity position but it also reduces the overall profitability. Effort of reducing working capital is a continuous exercise & it is an opportunity for improvement. B] A study on WCM IN APPOLO TYRES LTD, KOCHI was done by ms. Faizal a on june 2007. The objective of the study is to analyse the management of different components of w.c in the concern to examine the liquidity position of the company, to compute the average collection period & to project the working capital needs of the company. The conclusion of the study is that the sufficient working capital should be maintained. The performance of the company is very impressive. The company’s financial management & inventory department are working very effective & efficient. The suggestions made will be of much useful to the company for their better management of working capital. C] A study on WCM is done by Prakash Kumar Sharma on STATE BANK OF INDIA on 12th june, 2010. He had taken into consideration the current assets & the current liabilities of the state bank of india. It shows that in the year 2007 & 2008 the net working capital is so high but in the year 2009 it was so low, but in the year 2010 SBI is able to manage the working capital properly.
35 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
D] A study on WCM at NALCO done by RAKESH KUMAR BARAL have studied the
components of working capital management system of NALCO. It is found that the company has a sound & effective policy & its performance is very good even in this bad recession situation company has managed to past good profit. Company is competing well at the domestic as well as the international level & it is among the low cost producer of aluminium in the world only because of its proper management of finance, specially the short term finance known as the working capital.
36 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 5.
GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF IOB
37 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31.03.2013 -------IN RS. CR------Particulars Capital and Liabilities: Total Share Capital Equity Share Capital Net Worth Deposits Borrowings Total Debt Other Liabilities & Provisions Total Liabilities Mar '12 12 mths 797 797 11,927.66 178,434.18 23,613.85 202,048.03 5,672.50 219,648.19 Mar '12 12 mths Assets: Cash & Balances with RBI Balance with Banks Advances Investments Gross Block Accumulated Depreciation Net Block Capital Work In Progress Other Assets Total Assets Contingent Liabilities Bills for collection Book Value (Rs) 10,198.91 6,062.19 140,724.44 55,565.88 2,699.76 970.66 1,729.10 14.95 5,352.70 219,648.17 42,601.94 24,927.12 135.34 Mar '11 12 mths 618.75 618.75 9,324.93 145,228.7 5 19,355.40 164,584.1 5 4,875.19 178,784.2 7 Mar '11 12 mths 10,010.89 2,007.76 111,832.9 8 48,610.45 2,535.57 859.36 1,676.21 4.9 4,641.08 178,784.2 7 33,490.63 15,838.45 131.96 Mar '10 12 mths 544.8 544.8 7,524.58 110,794.71 8,982.20 119,776.91 3,794.90 131,096.39 Mar '10 12 mths 7,666.45 2,158.19 79,003.93 37,650.56 2,460.53 768.63 1,691.90 7.67 2,917.70 131,096.40 31,288.74 11,252.80 116.54 Mar '09 12 mths 544.8 544.8 7,150.96 100,115.89 6,548.28 106,664.17 7,258.26 121,073.39 Mar '09 12 mths 5,940.44 4,981.46 74,885.27 31,215.44 2,352.74 655.95 1,696.79 13.07 2,340.93 121,073.40 31,016.27 10,839.82 109.06
2012-13
Mar '08 12 mths 544.8 544.8 4,856.67 84,325.58 6,353.65 90,679.23 6,323.84 101,859.7 4 Mar '08 12 mths 9,124.23 1,217.09 60,423.84 28,474.71 1,102.80 569.11 533.69 24.88 2,061.29 101,859.7 3 24,173.83 10,215.01 87.05
38 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK Profit and loss a/c on 31.3.2013 ---IN Rs.CR--Particulars Income: Interest Earned Other Income Total Income Expenditure Interest expended Employee Cost Selling and Admin Expenses Depreciation Miscellaneous Expenses Preoperative Exp Capitalised Operating Expenses Provisions & Contingencies Total Expenses Net Profit for the Year Extraordionary Items Profit brought forward Total Preference Dividend Equity Dividend Corporate Dividend Tax Earning Per Share (Rs) Equity Dividend (%) Book Value (Rs) Appropriations Transfer to Statutory Reserves Transfer to Other Reserves Proposed Dividend Balance c/f to Balance Sheet Total Mar’ 12 12mths 17,897.08 1,716.02 19,613.10 12,880.91 2,082.98 2,031.78 111.06 1,456.25 0 4,633.23 1,048.84 18,562.98 1,050.13 Mar’ 12 0 0 1,050.13 0 416.83 0 13.18 45 135.34 586 47.3 416.83 0 1,050.13 Mar’ 11 12mths 12,101.47 1,278.02 13,379.49 7,893.44 1,741.14 1,473.33 105 1,094.04 0 3,606.12 807.39 12,306.95 1,072.54 Mar’ 11 0 0 1,072.54 0 359.56 0 17.33 50 131.96 324.98 388 359.56 0 1,072.54 Mar’ 10 12mths 10,245.77 1,196.59 11,442.36 7,077.91 1,734.75 1,320.98 111.76 490 0 3,385.96 271.53 10,735.40 706.96 Mar’ 10 0 0 706.96 0 223.09 0 12.98 35 116.54 356.29 127.58 223.09 0 706.96 Mar’ 09 12mths 9,641.40 1,713.07 11,354.47 6,771.81 1,271.84 737.99 100.94 1,146.10 0 2,307.20 949.67 10,028.68 1,325.79 Mar’ 09 0 0 1,325.79 0 286.82 0 24.34 45 109.06 1,029.30 9.67 286.82 0 1,325.79
2012-13
Mar’ 08 12mths 7,968.25 1,075.46 9,043.71 5,288.79 949.68 419.34 75.1 1,108.46 0 1,610.73 941.85 7,841.37 1,202.34 Mar’ 08 0 0 1,202.34 0 203.96 0 22.07 35 87.05 409.16 589.22 203.96 0 1,202.34
39 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
FROM THE B/S OF IOB (31ST MARCH 2012) ……RS IN CR….
2.1.
ANALYSIS OF NET WORKING CAPITAL OF IOB
PARTCULARS
CURRENT ASSETS
MAR’08 2061.29
MAR’09 2340.93
MAR’10 2917.70
MAR’11 4641.08
MAR’12 5352.70
LESS:CURRENT ASSETS
6323.84
7858.26
3794.90
4875.19
5672.50
NET WORKING CAPITAL
(4262.55)
(4917.34)
(877.20)
(234.11)
(319.80)
GRAPH FOR CURRENT ASSETS
Series 1
6000 5000 4641.08 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2061.29 2340.93 2917.7 5352.7
Series 1
40 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
INTERPRETATION:As you can see, this graph shows that the flow of current assets was go on increasing and there is 15.33% increase in current assets in 2012. It means the increase in current assets shows the liquidity soundness of the IOB.
GRAPH FOR CURRENT LIABILITES
Series 1
8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 3794.9 6323.84 5672.5 4875.19 Series 1 7258.26
INTERPRETATION:Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2009, current liabilities was increased heavily but suddenly in 2010 it was go down and again in 2012 it was increase upto 16.35% as compare to 2011. As we see the last 5 years current assets is less than current liabilities. It means that the company not having enough fund to meet its pay to outsiders.
41 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
GRAPH FOR NET WORKING CAPITAL
Series 1
0 2008 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -4262.55 -5000 -6000 -4917.34 Series 1 2009 2010 -877.2 2011 -234.11 2012 -319.8
INTERPRETATION:Working capital to finance day to day operatons of a firm. In every company or bank there should be an optimum level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too excess. In the IOB there is too less working capital, the decreasing in working capital arises because the high current liabilities in the business.
42 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO
2012-13
BALANCE SHEET ON 31ST DEC CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILIITES
MAR’08
MAR’09
MAR’10
MAR’11
MAR’12
2061.29 6323.84
2340. 93 7258.26 0.32
2917.70 3794.90 0.76
4641.08 4875.19 0.95
5352.70 5672.50 0.94
CURRENT RATIO
0.33
Series 1
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.33 0.32 Series 1 0.76 0.95 0.94
INTERPRETATION:If current assets is below 1 it indicates that current liabilities exceeds current assets, then the company may have problems paying its bills on time. So usually, a higher current ratio is better than a lower current ratio with regard to maintaining liquidity.
43 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO FORMULA
2012-13
QUICK ASSETS = CURRENT ASSETS + BANK BAL + CASH IN HAND + ADVANCES- INVENTORY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CURRENT LIABILITIES
PARTICULARS CURRENT ASSETS BANK BAL CASH IN HAND ADVANCES CURRENT LIABILITIES QUICK RATIO
MAR’08 2,061.29 1,217.09 9,124.23 60,423.84 6,323.84 11.32
MAR’09 2,340.93 4,981.46 5,940.44 74,885.27 7,258.26 11.46
MAR’10 2,917.70 2,158.19 7,666.45 79,003.93 3,794.90 23.61
MAR’11 4,641.08 2,007.76 10,010.89 1,11,832.98 4,875.19 25.94
MAR’12 5,352.70 6,062.19 10,198.81 1,40,724.44 5,672.50 27.55
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 11.32 11.46 25.94 23.61 27.55
Series 1
44 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB INTERPRETATION:-
2012-13
Quick Ratio is an indicator of company's short-term liquidity. Quick ratio specifies whether the assets that can be quickly converted into cash are sufficient to cover current liabilities. Ideally, quick ratio should be 1:1 this indicates that the business can meet its current financial obligations with the available quick funds on hand. IOB quick ratio has increasing year by year it indicates that many lenders are interested in this ratio.
CALCULATION OF WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO FORMULA
COST OF SALES WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
=
-----------------------------NET WORKING CAPITAL
PARTICULARS COST OF SALES NET WORKING CAPITAL WCTR
MAR’08 1535.64
MAR’09 2206.25
MAR’10 3274.20
MAR’11 3501.11
MAR’12 4522.17
(4262.55) (0.36)
(4917.34) (0.44)
(877.20) (3.73)
(234.11) (14.95)
(319.80) (14.14)
45 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Series 1
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -14.95 -14.14 Series 1 2008 -0.36 -0.44 2009 2010 2011 -3.73 2012
INTERPETATION:WCTR was goes on increasing in negative form year by year. It shows that cost of sales goes on increasing but as compare to net working capital it was very high and NWC is low, it indicates that cost is high as compare to profit.
46 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
COMPARISON OF IOB WITH THEIR COMPETITORS Particulars Market Performance Probability Of Bankruptcy Operating Margin Profit Margin Price to Book Return On Asset Price to Earning Gross Profit Price to Earnings To Growth Return On Equity IOB 10 of 100 29.56 % 29.30 % 23.12 % N/A 0.53 % 5.72 T 34.37 B 0.23 T 9.88 % Hdfc bank 8 of 100 29.0% 46.76% 31.93 % 4.47 T 1.61 % 25.63 T 98.68 B N/A 16.60 % (496 B) 400.45 671.04 M (1291.34B ) 101.46 T 1430 B 1834.03B 1493.88 B 65.28 B 55.79 B 260.64 B 8.08 T 174.77 B 239.67 B 202.54 B 23.64 T 1430 B SBI 22 of 100 1.0 % 36.42 % 23.48 % 1.18 T 0.92 % 7.09 T 606.78 B 0.53 T 16.27 % (1890 B) N/A 1.15 B N/A 916 T 1310 B N/A N/A N/A 177.05 B 1580 B 1.66 T 754.23 B 614.74 B N/A 274.83 T 2210 B BOB 23 of 100 39.38 % 53.61 % 44.63 % 0.92 T 1.28 % 5.06 T 82.86 B 0.47 T 20.87 % (663.75 B) 618.3 339.18 M (831.41 B) 339.13 T 278.97 B 1166.8 B 982.74 B 50.63 B 52.49 B 73.19 B 2.24 T 117.6 B 139.42 B 151.33 B 134.01 T 199.7 B
2012-13
PNB 18 of 100 35.6 % 50.18 % 35.16 % 0.79 T 1.18 % 4.79 T 106.9 B 0.58 T 19.27 % (682.01 B) 703.45
Cash Flow from Operations (295.13 B) One Year Low N/A Working Capital Cash per Share Market Capitalization Total Asset Current Liabilities Retained Earnings Net Income Total Debt Price to Sales Revenue Cash and Equivalents Current Asset Earnings Per Share Current Valuation 68.75 2.36 B (1047 B) 90.97 T N/A 1470 B 1181.42 B N/A 10.78 B 236.14 B N/A 46.63 B 72.5 B 134.42 B N/A 217.55 B
(778.44 B) 82.27 T 240.58 B 1046.86 B 885.64 B 14.15 B 50.25 B 50.48 B 1.62 T 142.95 B 27.9 B 107.2 B 148.17 T 254.4 B
47 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.1. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF IOB WITH THEIR COMPETITORS.
1) Operating Margin for IOB Operating Margin shows how much operating income a company makes on each dollar of sales. It is one of the profitability indicators which helps analysts to understand whether the firm is successful or not making money from everyday operations.
OPERATING MARGIN= operating income X 100 = 29.30% Revenue
A good Operating Margin is required for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs or pay out its debt which implies that the higher the margin, the better. This ratio is most effective in evaluating the earning potential of a company over time when comparing it against firm's competitors. OPERATING MARGIN COMPARISON IOB is currently under evaluation in operating margin category among related companies.
Series 1
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 IOB SBI BOB PNB 29.3 36.42 53.61 50.18 IOB SBI BOB PNB
48 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2) Profit Margin for IOB
2012-13
Profit Margin measures overall efficiency of a company and shows its ability to withstand competition as well as defend against adverse conditions such as rising costs, falling prices, decline in sales or management distress. Profit margin tells investors how well the company executes on its overall pricing strategies as well as how effective the company in controlling its costs.
PROFIT MARGIN = NET INCOME X 100 = 23.12% REVENUE
In a nutshell, Profit Margin indicator shows the amount of money the company makes from total sales or revenue. It can provide a good insight into companies in the same sector, as well as help to identify trends of a company from year to year.
PROFIT MARGIN COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in profit margin category among related companies. Profit margin of IOB & SBI are almost in the same level, but IOB should increase their profit to be in the market.
Series 1
50
40 30 20 10 0 IOB BOB SBI PNB 23.12 23.48 44.63 35.16 IOB BOB SBI PNB
49 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
3) Return On Asset for IOB
2012-13
Return on Asset or ROA shows how effective is the management of the company in generating income from utilizing all of the assets at their disposal. It is a useful ratio to evaluate the performance of different departments of a company as well as to understand management performance over time.
RETURN ON ASSETS = NET INCOME X 100 = 0.53% TOTAL ASSETS
Return on Asset measures overall efficiency of a company in generating profits from its total assets. It is expressed as the percentage of profits earned per dollar of Asset. A low ROA typically means that a company is asset-intensive and therefore will needs more money to continue generating revenue in the future.
RETURN ON ASSET COMPARISON IOB is currently under evaluation in return on asset category among related companies. As IOB having low % of ROA as compare to other banks so IOB need to generate revenue in future with better management of assets.
Series 1
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 IOB HDFC BANK PNB BOB 0.53 1.61 1.18 1.28
IOB HDFC BANK PNB BOB
50 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
4) Gross Profit for IOB Gross Profit is the most basic measure of business operational efficiency. It is simply the difference between sales revenue and the cost associated with making a product or providing a service. It is calculated before deducting administrative expenses, taxes, and interest payments.
GROSS PROFIT = REVENUE - COST OF REVENUE = 34.37B
Gross Profit varies significantly from one sector to another and tells investor how much money a business would have made if it didn't have to pay any overhead expenses such as salary, taxes, or rent. GROSS PROFIT COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in gross profit category among related companies. As compare to their competitors IOB having low gross profit. To make increasing in the gross profit. IOB must have to concentrate on their sales apart and to reduce their cost on revenue.
Series 1
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 IOB SBI BOB PNB 34.37B 82.86B 106.9B
606.78B
IOB SBI BOB PNB
51 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
5) Return On Equity for IOB Return on Equity or ROE tells company stockholders how effectually their money is being utilized or reinvested. It is a useful ratio when analyzing company profitability or the management effectiveness given the capital invested by the shareholders. ROE shows how effecently a company utilizes investments to generate income.
RETURN ON EQUITY = NET INCOME X 100 = 9.88% TOTAL EQUITY
For most industries Return on Equity between 10% and 30% are considered desirable to provide dividends to owners and have funds for future growth of the company. Investors should be very careful using ROE as the only efficiency indicator because ROE can be high if a company is heavily leveraged. RETURN ON EQUITY COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in return on equity category among related companies. It means that IOB is coming under the range of 10% to 30% & having limited fund to growth of their bank as compare to other banks as follows.
Series 1
25 20 15 10 9.88 5 16.27 20.87
19.27
IOB SBI BOB PNB
0
IOB SBI BOB PNB 52 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
6) Cash Flow from Operations for IOB Operating Cash Flow reveals the quality of a company's reported earnings and is calculated by deducting company's income taxes from earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation (EBITDA). In other words, Operating Cash Flow refers to the amount of cash a firm generates from the sales or products or from rendering services. Operating Cash Flow typically excludes costs associated with long-term investments or investment in marketable securities and is usually used by investor or analyst to check on the quality of a company earnings.
Operating cash flow = EBITDA – Taxes = ( 295.13B)
Operating Cash Flow shows the difference between reported income and actual cash flows of the company. If a firm does not have enough cash or cash equivalents to cover its current liabilities, then both investors and management should be concerned about company having enough liquid resources to meet current and long term debt obligations.
Series 1
0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -2000 -1890 IOB -295.13 HDFC BANK -496 -663.75 IOB HDFC BANK SBI BOB SBI BOB
53 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
7) Working Capital for IOB Working Capital is measure of company efficiency and operating liquidity. The working capital is usually calculated by subtracting Current Liabilities from Current Assets. It is important indicator of the firm ability to continue its normal operations without additional debt obligations.
WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSET – CURRENT LIABILITIES = (1047B)
Working Capital can be positive or negative, depending on how much of current debt the company is carrying on its balance sheet. In general terms, companies that have a lot of working capital will experience more growth in the near future since they can expand and improve their operations using existing resources. On the other hand, companies with small or negative working capital may lack the funds necessary for growth or future operation. Working Capital also shows if the company has sufficient liquid resources to satisfy short-term liabilities and operational expenses. WORKING CAPITAL COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in working capital category among related companies. It means IOB having negative working capital it indicates that it will suffer the problems in future & will have a need of funds to stable % extend its business.
Series 1
0 IOB -200 -400 IOB -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400
54 | P a g e
BOB
PNB
HDFC BANK
-831.41B -1047B
-778.44B
BOB PNB HDFC BANK -1291.34B
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
8) Current assets for IOB Current Asset is all of company's assets that can be used to pay off current liabilities within current fiscal period or over next 12 months. Current Asset includes cash or cash equivalents, accounts receivable, short-term investments, and the portion of prepaid liabilities which will be paid within next 12 months. Because these assets are easily turned into cash, they are sometimes referred to as liquid assets.
CURRENT ASSETS = CASH + DEPOSITS + LIQUID ASSETS = 134.42B
Current Asset is important to company's creditors and private equity firms as they will often be interested in how much that company has in current assets, since these assets can be easily liquidated in case the company goes bankrupt. However it is usually not enough to know if a company is in a good shape just based on current asset alone; the amount of current liabilities should always be considered.
CURRENT ASSET COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in current asset category among related companies.
Series 1
250 200 150 151.33B 134.42B 100 50 0 IOB BOB PNB HDFC BANK 107.2B
202.54B IOB BOB PNB HDFC BANK
55 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
9) Current Liabilities for IOB Current Liabilities is company's short term debts. This usually includes obligations that are due within next 12 months or within one fiscal year. Current liabilities are very important in analyzing a company's financial health as it requires the company to convert some of its current assets into cash.
CURRENT LIABILITIES = PAYABLES + ACCRUED DEBT = 1181.42B
Current liabilities appear on the company's balance sheet and include all short term debt accounts, accounts and notes payable, accrued liabilities as well as current payments due on the long-term loans. One of the most useful applications of Current Liabilities is the current ratio which is defined as current assets divided by its current liabilities. High current ratios mean that current assets are more than sufficient to pay off current liabilities. CURRENT LIABILITIES COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in current liabilities category among related companies. It means IOB having burden of debts & have to pay huge liabilities to creditors.
Series 1
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 IOB BOB PNB HDFC BANK 1181.42B 982.74B IOB 885.64B BOB PNB 1493.88B
HDFC BANK
56 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
10) Total Asset for IOB Total Asset is everything that a business owns. It is the sum of current and long-term assets owned by a firm at a given time. These assets are listed on a balance sheet and typically valued based on their purchasing prices, not the current market value.
TOTAL ASSETS = TANGIBLE ASSETS = 1470B
Total Asset is typically divided on the balance sheet on current asset and long-term asset. Longterm is the value of a company property, and other capital assets that are expected to be useable for more than one year. Long term assets are reported net of depreciation. On the other hand current assets are assets that are expected to be sold or converted to cash as part of normal business operation. TOTAL ASSET COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in total asset category among related companies. But as compare to BOB & PNB it having better total assets.
Series 1
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1831.03B 1470B
IOB
1166.8B 1046.86B BOB PNB HDFC BANK
IOB
BOB
PNB
HDFC BANK
57 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
11) Net Income for IOB Net income is the profit of a company for the reporting period which is derived after taking revenues and gains and subtracting all expenses and losses. Net income is one of the most watched numbers by money managers as well as individual investors.
NET INCOME = (REVENUE + GAIN) – (EXPENSES + LOSS) = 10.70B
Because income is reported on the Income Statement of a company and is measured in dollars some investors prefer to use Profit Margin which measures income as a percentage of sales. To make the net profit IOB has to increase profit margin % in respect of increase in sales. It will help them to increase in net income of the bank. NET INCOME COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in net income category among related companies. In other words, IOB is very behind in terms of net income as compare to other banks.
SERIES 1 IN B
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
177.05B IOB SBI BOB PNB 52.49B 10.78B IOB SBI BOB PNB 50.25B
58 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
12) Total Debt for IOB Total Debt refers to the amount of long term interest-bearing liabilities that a company carries on its balance sheet. That may include bonds sold to public, notes written to banks or capital leases. Typically, debt can help a company magnify its earnings, but the burden of interest and principle payments will eventually prevent the firm from borrow excessively.
TOTAL DEBT = BONDS + NOTES = 236.14B
In most industries, total debt may also include current portion of long-term debt. Since debt terms vary widely from one company to another, simply comparing outstanding debt obligations between different companies may not be adequate. It is usually meaningful to compare total debt amounts between companies that operate within the same sector. TOTAL DEBT COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in net income category among related companies.
Series 1
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 IOB SBI BOB PNB 236.14B 73.19B 50.48B 1580B IOB SBI BOB PNB
59 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
13) Revenue for IOB Revenue is income that a firm generates from business activities such us rendering services or selling goods to customers. It is a crucial part of business and is important item when evaluating financial statements of a company. Revenues from a firm's main business operations can be reported on the income statement as sales revenue, net sales, or simply sales, depending on the industry in which given company operates.
REVENUE =MONEY RECEIVED – DISCOUNT AND RETURNS = 46.63B
Revenue is typically recorded when cash or cash equivalents are exchanged for services or goods and can includes product or services discounts, promotions, as well as early payments on invoices or services rendered in advance. REVENUE COMPARISON Indian Overseas Bank is rated below average in revenue category among related companies. Market size based on revenue of Money Center Banks industry is currently estimated at about 2.02 Trillion. Indian holds roughly 46.63 Billion in revenue claiming about 2.31% of all equities under Money Center Banks industry.
Sales
4% IOB 12% 9% 61% SBI BOB PNB HDFC BANK
14%
60 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Chapter 6
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION
61 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. FINDINGS While interpreting ratios’s of IOB with other competitors wo founf that:Relationship of Working Capital to Current Asset for Indian Overseas Bank is rated below average in working capital category among related companies. It is rated below average in current asset category among related companies . Relationship of Current Liabilities to Current Asset for Indian Overseas Bank is rated second overall in current liabilities category among related companies.
Relationship of Current Liabilities to Working Capital for Indian Overseas Bank is rated fifth overall in current liabilities category among related companies. It is rated below average in working capital category among related companies .
While interpreting, ratio’s to working capital we found that:Current assets are less than current liabilities it indicates that company used short term funds for short term requirement where long term funds are most costly then short term funds. Quick ratio is goes on increasing at each year with sum percentage. It indicate that current financial obligations can meet with quick funds. Negative working capital turnover shows because of high cost of sales and low in net working capital.
62 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
2. SUGGESTIONS Normally, all the performance of Indian overseas bank compare to other banks are under valuation. We can say, that the growth & performance of the IOB is not well as compare to their competitors. IOB must improve the working capital management with effective proper cash flow forecasting. This should take into account the impact of unforeseen events, market cycles, loss of prime customer and actions by competitors. To make efficient working capital management proper collaboration with your customer instead of being focused only on your own operations will also yield good results. If feasible, helping them to plan their inventory requirement efficiently to match your production with their consumption will help reduce inventory levels. IOB has to work on the important measure to manage working capital because it will help the company’s operational and financial efficiency. Current asset of IOB as compare to their competitors was good but the current liabilities of IOB is not well, high current liabilities reduce the working capital which was happen with IOB. The IOB can make better working capital by raise funds, which comparatively economical as compare to long term funds. Proper control on the debtor’s collection period which is major part of current assets. IOB take control on cash balance because cash is non earning assets and increasing cost of funds. IOB has to reduce the inventory holding period with use of zero inventory concepts. Current assets should be managed more efficiently so as to avoid unnecessary blocking of capital that could be used for other purposes.
63 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3. CONCLUSION Analysis of working capital management is an in depth analysis. It covers the entire financial management of the company. The INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK is a company which give preference to the common mans by providing better customer services. Any change in the working capital will have an effect on a business’s cash flows. A positive change in working capital indicates that the business has paid out cash. Hence, an increase in working capital will have a negative effect on the business’s cash holding. However, a negative change in working capital indicates lower fund to pay off short term liabilities ( current liabilities), which may had bad indirect effect to the future of the company. For the best management to the working capital strict eye watch should be their now-adays. WCM is imp aspect of financial management in the bank. The evaluation of WCM in INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK has revealed that the current ratio is in increasing trend. The analysis has been conducted on WCM which will help the company to manage its working capital efficiently & effectively. Overall the company has good liquidity position but as see to current liabilities. They not having sufficient funds to repayment of liabilities.
64 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Chapter 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
65 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. BOOKS A. Financial management by I.M.PANDEY B. Financial management by PRASSANA CHANDRA 2. MANUAL FROM IOB 3. WEBSITES A. www.iob.com B. www.wikipedia.com C. www.google.com D. http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/workingcapital/ E. http://www.macroaxis.com/invest/compare/IOB.NS F. www.moneycontrol.com
66 | P a g e
doc_713961947.docx
Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) (BSE: 532388) is a major bank based in Chennai (Madras), with more than 2650 domestic branches, 3 extension counters and six branches overseas as of
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
A REPORT ON
EVALUATION OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK
BY
RUPALI P. ADHANGLE
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK
1|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
A PROJECT REPORT ON
ANALYSIS OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK
BY
(RUPALI P ADHANGLE) (MS111 201)
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF
THE MMS PROGRAM (CLASS OF 2012) INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTER STUDIES
2|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB CERTIFICATE
2012-13
This is to certify that the Project report titled Evaluation of working capital management in Indian overseas bank submitted by Miss.Rupali p. Adhangle. Enrolment No. MS111201 during Semester III of the MMS Program (Class Of 2013) embodies original work done by her.
Signature of the Project Guide Name : Designation: Institute: ANIL MATKAR PROFESSOR IMCOST
3|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the writing of this book. My deepest thanks to MR. ANIL MATKAR the guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. My deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Das as a Chief Manager & Mr. Vinayak Kulkarni, spl Assistant, INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK, for their support. I would also thanks my institution and my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.
THANK YOU,
PLACE: MUMBAI DATE: 15TH OCT,2012
RUPALI P.ADHANGLE
4|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
DECLARATION
I here by declare that the project work entitled ? EVALUATION OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK? submitted to the Mumbai university, is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of MR. ANIL MATKAR, faculty member, from INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & COMPUTER STUDIES, THANE I further declare that this project is the result of my own efforts.
Place: MUMBAI Date: 15TH OCT,2012
RUPALI P. ADHANGLE
5|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
TABLE OF CONTENT
SR NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
9
CHAPTER 1.
INRODUCTION 1. Introduction 2. Objective 3. Scope 4. Company profile 5. Organization chart 6. Research methodology 6.1.Primary data 6.2. Secondary data
11 12 12 13 14 15
CHAPTER 2.
CONCEPTUAL RELEVANCE 1. What is working capital 2. Definition of working capital 3. Importance Working capital 4. Working capital management 4.1.Introduction 4.2. Composition of working capital 5. Concept of working capital 5.1.On the basis of concept 5.2.On the basis of time 6. Determinants of working capital needs 7. Approaches to managing working capital 8. Adequacy of working capital
17 17 17 18
19 20 21-23 24 25-26
CHAPTER 3.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IOB 1. Working capital assessment in IOB 2. Computation of working capital limit 3. Case study analysis
28 29 30-33
CHAPTER 4.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
34-36
6|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 5.
GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF IOB 1. Balance sheet of IOB 2. Profit & loss A/C of IOB 2.1.Analysis of NWC of IOB 3. Comparison of IOB with their competitors 3.1.Analysis & interpretation of IOB with their competitors
38 39 40-46 47 48-60
CHAPTER 6.
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION 1. FINDINGS 2. SUGGESTIONS 3. CONCLUSION
61 62 63 64
CHAPTER 7.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
65-66
7|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
TABLE OF CHART & ILLUSRATION
SR NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
CONTENT Organisation of chart Assessment of working capital IOB balance sheet as at 31.3.13 IOB profit & loss a/c as at 31.3.13 Analysis of net working capital 5.1. graph for Current assets 5.2. graph for current liabilities 5.3. graph for net working capital Graph of current ratio Graph of quick ratio Graph of working capital ratio Comparison of IOB with their competitors 9.1. analysis & interpretation of IOB with their competitors
PAGE NO. 13 32 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47-60
6. 7. 8. 9.
8|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Management of working capital includes consideration for net working capital, by managing current assets to current liabilities. This means organization have to factor in a certain amount of risk-return trade-offs in the decision making process. In order to avoid problems organization have to make good decisions which overlap between current assets and current liabilities are used. The essence of the study is that the highest valued assets of a banking company is its working capital which constitutes the major part of total capital of the banking company. It helps to know the current condition of the bank the total amount of its current assets & total amount of current liabilities. I am releving theoretical aspects related to working capital management in the IOB, profile of IOB, major other banks who is the competitors of IOB and analysis of their performance & growth, analysis & interpretation of working capital of IOB gives overall financial view of IOB in the banking sector.
9|Page
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
10 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. INTRODUCTION The overall success of the company depends upon its working capital position. So it should be handled properly because it shows the efficiency & financial strength of a company. WCM is highly important in firms as it is used to generate further returns for thr stakeholders. Working Capital Management is a very important fact of financial management due to: ? Investments in current assets represent a substantial portion of total investment. ? Investment in current assets & the level of current liabilities have to be geared quickly to change sales. The working capital is the life blood & nerve centre of a business firm. The importance of working capital in any industry needs no special emphasis. No business can run effectively without a sufficient quantity of working capital. It is crucial to retain right level of working capital. WCM is one of the most important functions of corporate management. A business enterprises with ample working capital is always in a position to avail advantages of any favourable opportunity either to buy raw material or to implement a special order or to wait for enhanced market status. Working capital can be utilized for operating costs that are involved in the everyday life of business. Even very successful business owners may need working capital funds when the unexpected circumstances arises. WCM is highly important in firms as it is used to generate further return for the stakeholders. When working capital is managed improperly, allocating more than enough of it will render management non-efficient & reduce the benefits of short term investments. On the other hand, if working capital is too low, the company may miss a lot of profitable investment opportunities or suffer short term liquidity crises, leading to degradation of company credit, as it cannot respond effectively to temporary capital requirements.
Some the points to be studied under this topic are: ? How much cash should a firm hold? ? What should be the firms credit policy? ? How to & when to pay the creditors of the firm?
11 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
2. OBJECTIVES The objectives of project on Management of working capital are as follows-: ? To determine policy regarding profitability, liquidity and risk by considering company s objectives. ? To determine the quantum and structure of current assets. ? Determining the relationship between the current assets and current liabilities and hence liquidity is determined. Optimization of the amount of sales and investment in receivables. Analysis of Financial Statements
3. SCOPE The management of working capital helps us to maintain the working capital at a satisfactory level by managing the current assets and current liabilities. It also helps to maintain proper balance between profitability, risk and liquidity of the business significantly. By managing the working capital, current liabilities are paid in time. If the firm makes payment to it creditors for raw material in time, it can have the availability of raw material regularly, which doesn t cause any obstacles in production process. Adequate working capital increases paying capacity of the business but the excess working capital causes more inventory, increases the possibility of delay in realization of debts. On the other hand, absence of adequate working capital leads to decrease in return on investment. The goodwill of the firm is also adversely affected due to the inability to pay current liabilities in time. Hence, the management of working capital helps to manage all the factors affecting the working capital in the most profitable manner.
12 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
4. COMPANY PROFILE Established in 1937, Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) is a leading bank based in Chennai, India. IOB had the distinction of simultaneously commencing operations in three branches at Karaikudi, Chennai, and Yangon (Myanmar). Since IOB aimed to encourage overseas banking and foreign exchange operations, it soon opened its branches in Penang and Singapore. Today, Indian Overseas Bank boasts of a vast domain in banking sector with over 1400 domestic branches and 6 branches overseas. IOB was the first bank to venture into consumer credit, as it introduced the popular Personal Loan scheme. In 1964, the Bank started computerization in the areas of inter-branch reconciliation and provident fund accounts. Indian Overseas Bank was one of the 14 major banks which were nationalized in 1969. After nationalization, the Bank emphasized on opening its branches in rural parts of India. In 1979, IOB opened a Foreign Currency Banking Unit in the free trade zone in Colombo. In the year 2000, Indian Overseas Bank undertook an initial public offering (IPO) that brought the government's share in the bank's equity down to 75%. The equity shares of IOB are listed in the Madras Stock Exchange (Regional), Bombay Stock Exchange, and National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., Mumbai. Since its inception, IOB has absorbed various banks including the latest — Bharat Overseas Bank — in 2007. The Bank's IT department has developed software, which is used by its 1200 branches to provide online banking to customers. Indian Overseas Bank also has a network of about 500 ATMs throughout India. Its International VISA Debit Card is accepted at all ATMs belonging to the Cash Tree and NFS networks. IOB also offers Internet Banking; it's one of the banks that the Govt. of India has approved for online payment of taxes. Indian Overseas Bank offers investment options like Mutual Funds and Shares. It provides a wide range of consumer and commercial banking services, including Savings Account, Current Account, Depositary Services, VISA Cards, Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Online Banking, Any Branch Banking, Home Loans, NRI Account, Agricultural Loans, Payment of Bills / Taxes, Provident Fund Scheme, Forex Collection Services, Retail Loans, etc.
13 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
5. ORGANISATION CHART
Chair man
Executive Director
General Manager Deputy General Manager Assistant Manager
Chief Manager
Senior Manager
Manager
Officer
Subordinate/ Clerical Staff
14 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.1.
Primary Data:
The information is collected through the primary sources like: ? Talking with the employees of the department. ? Getting information by observations e.g. in manufacturing processes. ? Discussion with the head of the department. 6.2. Secondary Data:
The data is collected through the secondary sources like: ? ? ? ? Annual Reports of the company. Office manuals of the department. Magazines, Reports in the company. Policy documents of various departments.
15 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 2.
CONCEPTUAL RELEVANCE OF WCM IN IOB
16 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. WHAT IS WORKING CAPITAL? Working capital refers to the investment by the company in short terms assets such as cash, marketable securities. Net current assets or net working capital refers to the current assets less current liabilities. Symbolically, it means, Net Current Assets = Current Assets Current Liabilities.
2. DEFINITIONS OF WORKING CAPITAL: The following are the most important definitions of Working capital: 1) Working capital is the difference between the inflow and outflow of funds. In other words it is the net cash inflow. 2) Working capital represents the total of all current assets. In other words it is the Gross working capital, it is also known as Circulating capital or Current capital for current assets are rotating in their nature. 3) Working capital is defined as The excess of current assets over current liabilities and provisions. In other words it is the Net Current Assets or Net Working Capital 3. IMPORTANCE OF WORKING CAPITAL Working capital may be regarded as the lifeblood of the business. Without insufficient working capital, any business organization cannot run smoothly or successfully. In the business the Working capital is comparable to the blood of the human body. Therefore the study of working capital is of major importance to the internal and external analysis because of its close relationship with the current day to day operations of a business. The inadequacy or mismanagement of working capital is the leading cause of business failures. To meet the current requirements of a business enterprise such as the purchases of services, raw materials etc. working capital is essential. It is also pointed out that working capital is nothing but one segment of the capital structure of a business. In short, the cash and credit in the business, is comparable to the blood in the human body like finance s life and strength i.e. profit of solvency to the business enterprise. Financial management is called upon to maintain always the right cash balance so that flow of fund is maintained at a desirable speed not allowing slow down. Thus enterprise can have a balance between liquidity and profitability. Therefore the management of working capital is essential in each and every activity.
17 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
4. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 4.1. INTRODUCTION: Working Capital is the key difference between the long term financial management and short term financial management in terms of the timing of cash. Long term finance involves the cash flow over the extended period of time i.e 5 to 15 years, while short term financial decisions involve cash flow within a year or within operating cycle. Working capital management is a short term financial management. Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities & the inter relationship that exists between them. The current assets refer to those assets which can be easily converted into cash in ordinary course of business, without disrupting the operations of the firm. 4.2. COMPOSITION OF WORKING CAPITAL: 4.2.1 Major Current Assets 1) Cash 2) Accounts Receivables 3) Inventory 4) Marketable Securities 4.2.2 Major Current Liabilities 1) Bank Overdraft 2) Outstanding Expenses 3) Accounts Payable 4) Bills Payable The Goal of Working Capital Management is to manage the firm s current assets & liabilities, so that the satisfactory level of working capital is maintained. If the firm cannot maintain the satisfactory level of working capital, it is likely to become insolvent & may be forced into bankruptcy. To maintain the margin of safety current asset should be large enough to cover its current assets. Main theme of the theory of working capital management is interaction between the current assets & current liabilities.
18 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
5. CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL: The term working capital denotes the requirement of then money by a manufacturing enterprises for its day-to-day financing of:i. Purchase a raw material, stores & spares. ii. Payment of wages to employees. iii. Payment of other expenses towards energy, fuel & water consumption, statutory dues, rates & taxes carriage expenses etc. iv. Other expenses required to be incurred in connection with the production, selling & administration etc There are 2 types of working capital: I) On the basis of concept i) Gross working capital ii) Net working capital On the basis of time i) Permanent/fixed working capital ii) Fluctuating/ variable working capital
II)
5.1 ON THE BASIS OF CONCEPT:5.1.1 Gross working capital: Grosss working capital means the firm’s investment in total current or floating (circulating) assets. ? Optimum investment in current assets: Excessive investments impairs firm s profitability, as idle investment earns nothing. Inadequate working capital can threaten solvency of the firm because of its inability to meet its current obligations. Therefore there should be adequate investment in current assets. ? Financing of current assets: Whenever the need for working capital funds arises, agreement should be made quickly. If surplus funds are available they should be invested in short term securities. 5.1.2 Net working capital (NWC):- defined by 2 ways, Difference between current assets and current liabilities Net working capital is that portion of current assets which is financed with long term funds. NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES
19 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
If the working capital is efficiently managed then liquidity and profitability both will improve. They are not components of working capital but outcome of working capital. Working capital is basically related with the question of profitability versus liquidity & related aspects of risk. 5.2 ON THE BASIS OF TIME:5.2.1 Permanent/fixed working capital
ermanent working capital may be defined as a minimum level of current assets. Which is required by a firm to carry on its business operation. Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw materials, WIP, finished goods and cash balances. For e.g:- extra inventory of finished goods will have to be maintained to support the peak periods of sales permanent working capital is permanently needed for the business & therefore, it should be financed out of long term funds. Fixed working capital remaining constant overtime5.2.2 Fluctuate/variable working capital:It is the extra working capital needed to support the changing production & sales activities of the firm. The amount of temporary working capital keeps on fluctuating on time to time on the basis of business activities. Both king of working capital-permanent & variable(temporary) are necessary to facilitates production & sales through the operating cycle. The amount over & above permanent working capital is temporary variable of fluctuates.
20 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Fixed working capital increasing over time 6 DETERMINANTS OF WORKING CAPITAL NEEDS There are no set rules or formulas to determine the working capital requirements of a firm. The corporate management has to consider a number of factors to determine the level of working capital. The amount of working capital that a firm would need is affected not only by the factors associated with the firm itself but is also affected by economic, monetary and general business environment. Among the various factors the following are important ones. 6.1.Nature and Size of Business The working capital needs of a firm are basically influenced by the nature of its business. Trading and financial firms generally have a low investment in fixed assets, but require a large investment in working capital. Retail stores, for example, must carry large stocks of a variety of merchandise to satisfy the varied demand of their customers. Some manufacturing businesses' like tobacco, and construction firms also have to invest substantially in working capital but only a nominal amount in fixed assets. In contrast, public utilities have a limited need for working capital and have to invest abundantly in fixed assets. Their working capital requirements are nominal because they have cash sales only and they supply services, not products. Thus, the amount of funds tied up with debtors or in stocks is either nil or very small. The working capital needs of most of the manufacturing concerns fall between the two extreme requirements of trading firms and public utilities. The size of business also has an important impact on its working capital needs. Size may be measured in terms of the scale of operations. A firm with larger scale of operations will need more working capital than a small firm. The hazards and contin-gencies inherent in a particular type of business also have an influence in deciding the magnitude of working capital in terms of keeping liquid resources. 6.2 Manufacturing Cycle The manufacturing cycle starts with the purchase of raw materials and is completed with the production of finished goods. If the manufacturing cycle involves a longer period the need for working capital will be more, because an extended manufacturing time span means a larger tieup of funds in inventories. Any delay at any stage of manufacturing process will result in accumulation of work-in-process and will en-hance the requirement of working capital. You may have observed that firms making heavy machinery or other such products, involving long manufacturing cycle, attempt to minimise their investment in inventories (and thereby in working capital) by seeking advance or periodic payments from customers. 6.3 Business Fluctuations Seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in demand for a product affect the working capital requirement considerably, especially the temporary working capital requirements of the firm. An
21 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
upward swing in the economy leads to increased sales, resulting in an increase in the firm's investment in inventory and receivables or book debts. On the other hand, a decline in the economy may register a fall in sales and, consequently, a fall in the levels of stocks and book debts. Seasonal fluctuations may also create production problems. Increase in production level may be expensive during peak periods. A firm may follow a policy of steady production in all seasons to utilise its resources to the fullest extent. This will mean accumulation of inventories in off-season and their quick disposal in peak season. Therefore, financial arrangements for seasonal working capital requirement should be made in advance. The financial plan should be flexible enough to take care of any seasonal fluctuations. 6.4 Production Policy If a firm follows steady production policy, even when the demand is seasonal, inven-tory will accumulate during off-season periods and there will be higher inventory costs and risks. If the costs and risks of maintaining a constant production schedule are high, the firm may adopt the policy of varying its production schedule in accordance with the changes in demand. Firms whose physical facilities can be utilised for manufacturing a variety of products can have the advantage of diversified activities. Such firms manufacture their main products during the season and other products during off-season. Thus, production policies may differ from firm to firm, depending upon the circumstances. Accordingly, the need for working capital will also vary. 6.5 Turnover of Circulating Capital The speed with which the operating cycle completes its round (i.e., cash ? raw materials ? finished product ? accounts receivables ? cash) plays a decisive role in influencing the working capital needs. 6.6 Credit Terms The credit policy of the firm affects the size of working capital by influencing the level of book debts. Though the credit terms granted to customers to a great extent depend upon the norms and practices of the industry or trade to which the firm belongs; yet it may endeavor to shape its credit policy within such constraints. A long collection period will generally mean tying of larger funds in book debts. Slack collection procedures may even increase the chances of bad debts. The working capital requirements of a firm are also affected by credit terms granted by its creditors. A firm enjoying liberal credit terms will need less working capital.
6.7 Growth and Expansion Activities As a company grows, logically, larger amount of working capital will be needed, though it is difficult to state any firm rules regarding the relationship between growth in the volume of a firm's business and its working capital needs. The fact to recognize is that the need for increased working capital funds may precede the growth in busi-ness activities, rather than following it.
22 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
The shift in composition of working capital in a company may be observed with changes in economic circumstances and corporate practices. Growing industries require more working capital than those that are static. 6.8 Operating Efficiency Operating efficiency means optimum utilisation of resources. The firm can minimise its need for working capital by efficiently controlling its operating costs. With in-creased operating efficiency the use of working capital is improved and pace of cash cycle is accelerated. Better utilisation of resources improves profitability and helps in relieving the pressure on working capital.
6.9 Price Level Changes Generally, rising price level requires a higher investment in working capital. With increasing prices the same levels of current assets need enhanced investment. However, firms which can immediately revise prices of their products upwards may not face a severe working capital problem in periods of rising levels. The effects of increasing price level may, however, be felt differently by different firms due to variations in individual prices. It is possible that some companies may not be affected by the rising prices, whereas others may be badly hit by it.
6.10
Other Factors
There are some other factors, which affect the determination of the need for working capital. A high net profit margin contributes towards the working capital pool. The net profit is a source of working capital to the extent it has been earned in cash. The cash inflow can be calculated by adjusting non-cash items such as depreciation, out-standing expenses, losses written off, etc, from the net profit, (as discussed in Unit 6). The firm's appropriation policy, that is, the policy to retain or distribute profits also has a bearing on working capital. Payment of dividend consumes cash resources and thus reduces the firm ',s
'
working capital to that extent. If the profits are retained in the business, the firm s working capital position will be strengthened. In general, working capital needs also depend upon the means of transport and communication. If they are not well developed, the industries will have to keep huge stocks of raw materials, spares, finished goods, etc. at places of production, as well as at distribution outlets.
23 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
7. APPROACHES TO MANAGING WORKING CAPITAL Two approaches are generally followed for the management of working capital: (i) the conventional approach, and (ii) the operating cycle approach. 7.1. The Conventional Approach This approach implies managing the individual components of working capital (i.e. inventory, receivables, payables, etc) efficiently and economically so that there are neither idle funds nor paucity of funds. Techniques have been evolved for the man-agement of each of these components. In India, more emphasis is given to the man-agement of debtors because they generally constitute the largest share of the invest-ment in working capital. On the other hand, inventory control has not yet been practised on a wide scale perhaps due to scarcity of goods (or commodities) and ever rising prices. 7.2. The Operating Cycle Approach
-
This approach views working capital as a function of the volume of operating ex penses. Under this approach the working capital is determined by the duration of the operating cycle and the operating expenses needed for completing the cycle. The duration of the operating cycle is the number of day involved in the various stages, commencing with acquisition of raw materials to the realisation of proceeds from debtors. The credit period allowed by creditors will have to be set off in the process. The optimum level of working capital will be the requirement of operating expenses for an operating cycle, calculated on the basis of operating expenses required for a year. In India, most of the organisations use to follow the conventional approach earlier, but now the practice is shifting in favour of the operating cycle approach. The banks usually apply this approach while granting credit facilities to their clients.
OPERATING CYCLE OF WORKING CAPITAL
24 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
8. ADEQUACY OF WORKING CAPITAL The firm should maintain a sound working capital position. It should have adequate working capital to run its business operations. Both excessive as well as inadequate working capital positions are dangerous from the firms point of view. Excessive working capital not only impairs the firms profitability but also result in production interruptions and inefficiencies. 8.1. The dangers of excessive working capital are as follows: ? It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories. Thus, chances of inventory mishandling, waste, theft and losses increase. ? It is an indication of defective credit policy slack collections period. Consequently, higher incidence of bad debts results, which adversely affects profits. ? Excessive working capital makes management complacent which degenerates into managerial inefficiency. ? Tendencies of accumulating inventories tend to make speculative profits grow. This may tend to make dividend policy liberal and difficult to cope with in future when the firm is unable to make speculative profits.
8.2. Inadequate working capital is also bad and has the following dangers: ? It stagnates growth. It becomes difficult for the firm to undertake profitable projects for non- availability of working capital funds. ? It becomes difficult to implement operating plans and achieve the firm s profit target. ? Operating inefficiencies creep in when it becomes difficult even to meet day commitments. ? Fixed assets are not efficiently utilized for the lack of working capital funds. Thus, the firm s profitability would deteriorate. ? Paucity of working capital funds render the firm unable to avail attractive credit opportunities etc. ? The firm loses its reputation when it is not in a position to honour its short-term obligations. As a result, the firm faces tight credit terms. An enlightened management should, therefore, maintain the right amount of working capital on a continuous basis. Only then a proper functioning of business operations will be ensured. Sound financial and statistical techniques, supported by judgment, should be used to predict the quantum of working capital needed at different time periods.
25 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
A firm s net working capital position is not only important as an index of liquidity but it is also used as a measure of the firm’s risk. Risk in this regard means chances of the firm being unable to meet its obligations on due date. The lender considers a positive net working as a measure of safety. All other things being equal, the more the net working capital a firm has, the less likely that it will default in meeting its current financial obligations. Lenders such as commercial banks insist that the firm should maintain a minimum net working capital position.
26 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 3
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IOB
27 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. WORKING CAPITAL ASSESSMENT IN IOB ? Borrowers with working capital limit upto Rs.2crores (Rs.7.5crore for MSME borrowers) will be assessed as per Nayak Committee Recommendation i.e.Turnover Method. ? When the working capital limits are fixed under turnover method. It is based on sales projections. ? Borrowers enjoying working capital limit of Rs.2crore and upto Rs.10crore in respect of MSME borrowers the existing traditional method of arriving at the permissible bank finance calling CMA data will be continued. ? FOR E.G: If the holding period of raw material in a borrower unit is more than the normal average period in general in a particular industry and in that level if the borrower is really doing well then we have to based on past experience of the borrower. ? CURRENT RATIO: It is stipulated by IOB that the current ratio of 1.33:1 (1.25:1) for MSE units continued as benchmark for deciding the working capital requirements of borrower. However, in justifiable cases lower current ratio can be considered acceptable on a case to case basis depending upon then components of current assets and current liabilities. ? MONITARING AND FOLLOW UP: Borrower with working capital limit of above 10crore who has opted for cash budget system has to submit cash budget with Annexure relating to position of C.A & C.L every month.
28 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
2. COMPUTATION OF W.C LIMIT: A) MSME units requiring fund based working capital limits upto Rs.7.5crore to be provided the limits computed on the basis of 20% of their projected annual turnover method. The units would be required to bring in 5% of their annual turnover margin money. 25% of the annual turnover should be compared as working capital requirement of which one fifth should be met by the borrower contributions and balance by the bank. Gross sales are the basis for the projected turnover. B) In case the W.C cycle is shorter than three months, the working capital required would be less than 25% of projected turnover. The bank finance need not be 20% of turnover. However, borrower’s consent should be obtained in waiting for sanctioning reduced limit. C) If ne W.C or margin in the system is already in excess of 5% of turnover. The working capital limit from bank could be fixed less than 20%. However, the genuine requirement of the units are to be met adequately. There is no restriction on extending finance at a level that is higher than 20% of turnover. D) For the purpose of working out bank finance in case of an existing unit, the basis officials and entrepreneurs should work out an agreed growth rate and projected turnover based on the past performance, the likely prospects and few other factors like modernization/ expansion of existing manufacturing capacity government policy on taxation etc. E) For those sectors in the industry which are recording positive growth & when the individual unit in the industry has also recorded positive growth during the last 2 to 3 yrs growth rate of a minimum of 15% over the current year’s turnover may be accepted for arriving at projected sales turnover. F) For new units. Break even level of capacity/sales or nearby that level may be accepted as the accepted projected sales turnover for sanction of necessary working capital limit.The projection accepted by the term lending institutions for the first year of operation may be accepted by the bank for accessing working capital requirement of new units. G) For fixing limits against stocks, receivables etc. the existing syatems and procedure should continue. The operations of the limits should be allowed after taking into account the value of stock & unpaid stocks.
29 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS BRANCH –THANE A/C- ADITI BROOMS PVT.LTD. ACTIVITY- MANUFACTURING & SELLING OF NATURAL BROOMS. PURPOSE OF NOTE: TO CONSIDER THE REQUEST OF THE COMPANY TO SANTION THEM WORKING CAPITAL LIMIT IN THE FORM OF CASH CREDIT OF RS.300.LACS
3.1. BACKGROUND OF THE CO. M/S. Aditi Brooms Pvt.Ltd. is a pvt ltd co. incorporated on 17.01.2011 with following as its directors. 1) Mr. mayur L gala 2) Mr. bhawanji M karani
The company is engaged in manufacturing & selling of natural brooms. Mr. mayor L gala is the key promoter of the company, has vast experience of business in this field. He was engaged with his father shri laliji gala in the business. Shri laliji gala had started the business of manufacturing & traditional brooms during 1945 in the name of m/s. laliji ravji & co. at masjid bunder, Mumbai.
30 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.2.
FINANCIAL INDICATOR OF SUBJECT COMPANY Year Ending Audit status Netsales Operating profit Net profit after tax Cash generation Net working capital Current ratio TNW TOL/TNW Adjusted TOL/TNW Term liability/TNW 31.3.2011 Audited 43.37 0.61 0.61 0.61 81.6 1.83:1 1.6 111.6 1.21 50 31.3.2012 Estimated 699.04 26.64 18.65 18.65 100.27 1.26:1 44.27 10.05 1.26 -1.07 31.3.2013 Projection 1000 41.33 28.93 28.93 139.2 1.34:1 73.2 6.74 0.96 0.63 31.3.2014 Projection 1150 52.09 36.46 36.46 179.66 1.38:1 109.66 5.97
3.3.
FINANCIAL POSITION OF SUBJECTED COMPANY Year Ending Audit Status LIABILITIES: capital reserves long term liabilities current liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES ASSESTS: fixed assets non current assets current assets intangible assests TOTAL ASSETS 31.3.2011 Audited 31.3.2012 Provisional 31.3.2013 Projection
1.6 80 98.72 180.32
44.27 56 389.17 489.44
73.2 70 423.49 566.69
Nil Nil 180.32 Nil 180.32
nil nil 489.44 nil 489.44
nil nil 566.69 nil 566.69
31 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.4. COMMENTS ON FINANCIAL/PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY As the company has started their activity during third quarter of the financial year, their balance sheet shows the performance of a quarter for the year ended 2010-11.As this was their first year, the past performance cannot be ascertained. SALES: They have achieved sales of Rs.105.00 lacs which is for two months sales. As per provisional B/S as of 31.3.2012 they achieved sales of Rs.699.04 lacs as against projected turnover of Rs 1000 lacs for 2011-12. The co. stated that they could not achieve the targeted sales as the crop was not upto the mark during the year 2011-12 and also this was their first year of operation. Though the bank have sanctioned a CC limit of Rs.300 lacs, the avg utilisation was less. It is informed that they started their another unit at banglore, put together the sales projected for Rs.1000 lacs may be achievable for the year 2012-13 PROFITS: The main cost is towards raw material and labour charges. As the company could not achieved the estimated sales, they could not achieve the estimated profit also for the financial yr 2011-12. TNW: The directors have brought Rs.25 lacs as capital with plough back of profit this is increased to Rs. 44.27 lacs as on 31.3.2012 In addition to this Rs.56 lacs is brought in as unsecured loan which will be in the business as projected. TOL/TNW: TOL/TNW is very high for 2011 & 12. By taking the USL as quasi equity this will improve. NWC & CR: NWC is positive & shown increasing with the NWC increasing the current ratio also projected above the benchmark level. Overall financial projected appears satisfactory.
32 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.5.
ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL (Rs. In lacs)
Particulars Current assets : Stock Sundry debtors Other current assets Total current assets Less: Current liabilities: Sundry creditors Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Working capital gap (WCG) Less: 25% of C.A Projected NWC for 2013 MPBF Cash credit requested
31.3.2013 293.59 246.58 26.53 566.69
110.10 13.39 123.49 443.20 141.67 301.53 300.00 300.00
33 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
34 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. WORKING CAPITAL: Working capital is the fund available for meeting day to day requirement. Difference between current assets and current liabilities is called working capital. 2. CURRENT ASSETS: Current asset are resources, which are in cash or will soon be converted into cash within accounting year. 3. CURRENT LIABILITIES: Current liabilities are committment which will soon require settlement within the accounting year. A] A study on woking capital management with special reference to HMT MACHINE TOOL LTD. Kala massery was done by ms.smitha saviout on june 2007. The objective of the study is to analyse the liquidity position of the company to compute the average collection & payment period & to analyse the short term solvency of the concern. The conclusion of the study is that the working capital of the company is found not satisfactory. Analyzing the various liquidity ratios, it is found that all the liquidity ratios are not good than the normal concepts. The large holding of current assets strengthens firms liquidity position but it also reduces the overall profitability. Effort of reducing working capital is a continuous exercise & it is an opportunity for improvement. B] A study on WCM IN APPOLO TYRES LTD, KOCHI was done by ms. Faizal a on june 2007. The objective of the study is to analyse the management of different components of w.c in the concern to examine the liquidity position of the company, to compute the average collection period & to project the working capital needs of the company. The conclusion of the study is that the sufficient working capital should be maintained. The performance of the company is very impressive. The company’s financial management & inventory department are working very effective & efficient. The suggestions made will be of much useful to the company for their better management of working capital. C] A study on WCM is done by Prakash Kumar Sharma on STATE BANK OF INDIA on 12th june, 2010. He had taken into consideration the current assets & the current liabilities of the state bank of india. It shows that in the year 2007 & 2008 the net working capital is so high but in the year 2009 it was so low, but in the year 2010 SBI is able to manage the working capital properly.
35 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
D] A study on WCM at NALCO done by RAKESH KUMAR BARAL have studied the
components of working capital management system of NALCO. It is found that the company has a sound & effective policy & its performance is very good even in this bad recession situation company has managed to past good profit. Company is competing well at the domestic as well as the international level & it is among the low cost producer of aluminium in the world only because of its proper management of finance, specially the short term finance known as the working capital.
36 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
CHAPTER 5.
GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF IOB
37 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31.03.2013 -------IN RS. CR------Particulars Capital and Liabilities: Total Share Capital Equity Share Capital Net Worth Deposits Borrowings Total Debt Other Liabilities & Provisions Total Liabilities Mar '12 12 mths 797 797 11,927.66 178,434.18 23,613.85 202,048.03 5,672.50 219,648.19 Mar '12 12 mths Assets: Cash & Balances with RBI Balance with Banks Advances Investments Gross Block Accumulated Depreciation Net Block Capital Work In Progress Other Assets Total Assets Contingent Liabilities Bills for collection Book Value (Rs) 10,198.91 6,062.19 140,724.44 55,565.88 2,699.76 970.66 1,729.10 14.95 5,352.70 219,648.17 42,601.94 24,927.12 135.34 Mar '11 12 mths 618.75 618.75 9,324.93 145,228.7 5 19,355.40 164,584.1 5 4,875.19 178,784.2 7 Mar '11 12 mths 10,010.89 2,007.76 111,832.9 8 48,610.45 2,535.57 859.36 1,676.21 4.9 4,641.08 178,784.2 7 33,490.63 15,838.45 131.96 Mar '10 12 mths 544.8 544.8 7,524.58 110,794.71 8,982.20 119,776.91 3,794.90 131,096.39 Mar '10 12 mths 7,666.45 2,158.19 79,003.93 37,650.56 2,460.53 768.63 1,691.90 7.67 2,917.70 131,096.40 31,288.74 11,252.80 116.54 Mar '09 12 mths 544.8 544.8 7,150.96 100,115.89 6,548.28 106,664.17 7,258.26 121,073.39 Mar '09 12 mths 5,940.44 4,981.46 74,885.27 31,215.44 2,352.74 655.95 1,696.79 13.07 2,340.93 121,073.40 31,016.27 10,839.82 109.06
2012-13
Mar '08 12 mths 544.8 544.8 4,856.67 84,325.58 6,353.65 90,679.23 6,323.84 101,859.7 4 Mar '08 12 mths 9,124.23 1,217.09 60,423.84 28,474.71 1,102.80 569.11 533.69 24.88 2,061.29 101,859.7 3 24,173.83 10,215.01 87.05
38 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK Profit and loss a/c on 31.3.2013 ---IN Rs.CR--Particulars Income: Interest Earned Other Income Total Income Expenditure Interest expended Employee Cost Selling and Admin Expenses Depreciation Miscellaneous Expenses Preoperative Exp Capitalised Operating Expenses Provisions & Contingencies Total Expenses Net Profit for the Year Extraordionary Items Profit brought forward Total Preference Dividend Equity Dividend Corporate Dividend Tax Earning Per Share (Rs) Equity Dividend (%) Book Value (Rs) Appropriations Transfer to Statutory Reserves Transfer to Other Reserves Proposed Dividend Balance c/f to Balance Sheet Total Mar’ 12 12mths 17,897.08 1,716.02 19,613.10 12,880.91 2,082.98 2,031.78 111.06 1,456.25 0 4,633.23 1,048.84 18,562.98 1,050.13 Mar’ 12 0 0 1,050.13 0 416.83 0 13.18 45 135.34 586 47.3 416.83 0 1,050.13 Mar’ 11 12mths 12,101.47 1,278.02 13,379.49 7,893.44 1,741.14 1,473.33 105 1,094.04 0 3,606.12 807.39 12,306.95 1,072.54 Mar’ 11 0 0 1,072.54 0 359.56 0 17.33 50 131.96 324.98 388 359.56 0 1,072.54 Mar’ 10 12mths 10,245.77 1,196.59 11,442.36 7,077.91 1,734.75 1,320.98 111.76 490 0 3,385.96 271.53 10,735.40 706.96 Mar’ 10 0 0 706.96 0 223.09 0 12.98 35 116.54 356.29 127.58 223.09 0 706.96 Mar’ 09 12mths 9,641.40 1,713.07 11,354.47 6,771.81 1,271.84 737.99 100.94 1,146.10 0 2,307.20 949.67 10,028.68 1,325.79 Mar’ 09 0 0 1,325.79 0 286.82 0 24.34 45 109.06 1,029.30 9.67 286.82 0 1,325.79
2012-13
Mar’ 08 12mths 7,968.25 1,075.46 9,043.71 5,288.79 949.68 419.34 75.1 1,108.46 0 1,610.73 941.85 7,841.37 1,202.34 Mar’ 08 0 0 1,202.34 0 203.96 0 22.07 35 87.05 409.16 589.22 203.96 0 1,202.34
39 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
FROM THE B/S OF IOB (31ST MARCH 2012) ……RS IN CR….
2.1.
ANALYSIS OF NET WORKING CAPITAL OF IOB
PARTCULARS
CURRENT ASSETS
MAR’08 2061.29
MAR’09 2340.93
MAR’10 2917.70
MAR’11 4641.08
MAR’12 5352.70
LESS:CURRENT ASSETS
6323.84
7858.26
3794.90
4875.19
5672.50
NET WORKING CAPITAL
(4262.55)
(4917.34)
(877.20)
(234.11)
(319.80)
GRAPH FOR CURRENT ASSETS
Series 1
6000 5000 4641.08 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2061.29 2340.93 2917.7 5352.7
Series 1
40 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
INTERPRETATION:As you can see, this graph shows that the flow of current assets was go on increasing and there is 15.33% increase in current assets in 2012. It means the increase in current assets shows the liquidity soundness of the IOB.
GRAPH FOR CURRENT LIABILITES
Series 1
8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 3794.9 6323.84 5672.5 4875.19 Series 1 7258.26
INTERPRETATION:Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2009, current liabilities was increased heavily but suddenly in 2010 it was go down and again in 2012 it was increase upto 16.35% as compare to 2011. As we see the last 5 years current assets is less than current liabilities. It means that the company not having enough fund to meet its pay to outsiders.
41 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
GRAPH FOR NET WORKING CAPITAL
Series 1
0 2008 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -4262.55 -5000 -6000 -4917.34 Series 1 2009 2010 -877.2 2011 -234.11 2012 -319.8
INTERPRETATION:Working capital to finance day to day operatons of a firm. In every company or bank there should be an optimum level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too excess. In the IOB there is too less working capital, the decreasing in working capital arises because the high current liabilities in the business.
42 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO
2012-13
BALANCE SHEET ON 31ST DEC CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILIITES
MAR’08
MAR’09
MAR’10
MAR’11
MAR’12
2061.29 6323.84
2340. 93 7258.26 0.32
2917.70 3794.90 0.76
4641.08 4875.19 0.95
5352.70 5672.50 0.94
CURRENT RATIO
0.33
Series 1
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.33 0.32 Series 1 0.76 0.95 0.94
INTERPRETATION:If current assets is below 1 it indicates that current liabilities exceeds current assets, then the company may have problems paying its bills on time. So usually, a higher current ratio is better than a lower current ratio with regard to maintaining liquidity.
43 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO FORMULA
2012-13
QUICK ASSETS = CURRENT ASSETS + BANK BAL + CASH IN HAND + ADVANCES- INVENTORY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CURRENT LIABILITIES
PARTICULARS CURRENT ASSETS BANK BAL CASH IN HAND ADVANCES CURRENT LIABILITIES QUICK RATIO
MAR’08 2,061.29 1,217.09 9,124.23 60,423.84 6,323.84 11.32
MAR’09 2,340.93 4,981.46 5,940.44 74,885.27 7,258.26 11.46
MAR’10 2,917.70 2,158.19 7,666.45 79,003.93 3,794.90 23.61
MAR’11 4,641.08 2,007.76 10,010.89 1,11,832.98 4,875.19 25.94
MAR’12 5,352.70 6,062.19 10,198.81 1,40,724.44 5,672.50 27.55
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 11.32 11.46 25.94 23.61 27.55
Series 1
44 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB INTERPRETATION:-
2012-13
Quick Ratio is an indicator of company's short-term liquidity. Quick ratio specifies whether the assets that can be quickly converted into cash are sufficient to cover current liabilities. Ideally, quick ratio should be 1:1 this indicates that the business can meet its current financial obligations with the available quick funds on hand. IOB quick ratio has increasing year by year it indicates that many lenders are interested in this ratio.
CALCULATION OF WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO FORMULA
COST OF SALES WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
=
-----------------------------NET WORKING CAPITAL
PARTICULARS COST OF SALES NET WORKING CAPITAL WCTR
MAR’08 1535.64
MAR’09 2206.25
MAR’10 3274.20
MAR’11 3501.11
MAR’12 4522.17
(4262.55) (0.36)
(4917.34) (0.44)
(877.20) (3.73)
(234.11) (14.95)
(319.80) (14.14)
45 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Series 1
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -14.95 -14.14 Series 1 2008 -0.36 -0.44 2009 2010 2011 -3.73 2012
INTERPETATION:WCTR was goes on increasing in negative form year by year. It shows that cost of sales goes on increasing but as compare to net working capital it was very high and NWC is low, it indicates that cost is high as compare to profit.
46 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
COMPARISON OF IOB WITH THEIR COMPETITORS Particulars Market Performance Probability Of Bankruptcy Operating Margin Profit Margin Price to Book Return On Asset Price to Earning Gross Profit Price to Earnings To Growth Return On Equity IOB 10 of 100 29.56 % 29.30 % 23.12 % N/A 0.53 % 5.72 T 34.37 B 0.23 T 9.88 % Hdfc bank 8 of 100 29.0% 46.76% 31.93 % 4.47 T 1.61 % 25.63 T 98.68 B N/A 16.60 % (496 B) 400.45 671.04 M (1291.34B ) 101.46 T 1430 B 1834.03B 1493.88 B 65.28 B 55.79 B 260.64 B 8.08 T 174.77 B 239.67 B 202.54 B 23.64 T 1430 B SBI 22 of 100 1.0 % 36.42 % 23.48 % 1.18 T 0.92 % 7.09 T 606.78 B 0.53 T 16.27 % (1890 B) N/A 1.15 B N/A 916 T 1310 B N/A N/A N/A 177.05 B 1580 B 1.66 T 754.23 B 614.74 B N/A 274.83 T 2210 B BOB 23 of 100 39.38 % 53.61 % 44.63 % 0.92 T 1.28 % 5.06 T 82.86 B 0.47 T 20.87 % (663.75 B) 618.3 339.18 M (831.41 B) 339.13 T 278.97 B 1166.8 B 982.74 B 50.63 B 52.49 B 73.19 B 2.24 T 117.6 B 139.42 B 151.33 B 134.01 T 199.7 B
2012-13
PNB 18 of 100 35.6 % 50.18 % 35.16 % 0.79 T 1.18 % 4.79 T 106.9 B 0.58 T 19.27 % (682.01 B) 703.45
Cash Flow from Operations (295.13 B) One Year Low N/A Working Capital Cash per Share Market Capitalization Total Asset Current Liabilities Retained Earnings Net Income Total Debt Price to Sales Revenue Cash and Equivalents Current Asset Earnings Per Share Current Valuation 68.75 2.36 B (1047 B) 90.97 T N/A 1470 B 1181.42 B N/A 10.78 B 236.14 B N/A 46.63 B 72.5 B 134.42 B N/A 217.55 B
(778.44 B) 82.27 T 240.58 B 1046.86 B 885.64 B 14.15 B 50.25 B 50.48 B 1.62 T 142.95 B 27.9 B 107.2 B 148.17 T 254.4 B
47 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3.1. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF IOB WITH THEIR COMPETITORS.
1) Operating Margin for IOB Operating Margin shows how much operating income a company makes on each dollar of sales. It is one of the profitability indicators which helps analysts to understand whether the firm is successful or not making money from everyday operations.
OPERATING MARGIN= operating income X 100 = 29.30% Revenue
A good Operating Margin is required for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs or pay out its debt which implies that the higher the margin, the better. This ratio is most effective in evaluating the earning potential of a company over time when comparing it against firm's competitors. OPERATING MARGIN COMPARISON IOB is currently under evaluation in operating margin category among related companies.
Series 1
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 IOB SBI BOB PNB 29.3 36.42 53.61 50.18 IOB SBI BOB PNB
48 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2) Profit Margin for IOB
2012-13
Profit Margin measures overall efficiency of a company and shows its ability to withstand competition as well as defend against adverse conditions such as rising costs, falling prices, decline in sales or management distress. Profit margin tells investors how well the company executes on its overall pricing strategies as well as how effective the company in controlling its costs.
PROFIT MARGIN = NET INCOME X 100 = 23.12% REVENUE
In a nutshell, Profit Margin indicator shows the amount of money the company makes from total sales or revenue. It can provide a good insight into companies in the same sector, as well as help to identify trends of a company from year to year.
PROFIT MARGIN COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in profit margin category among related companies. Profit margin of IOB & SBI are almost in the same level, but IOB should increase their profit to be in the market.
Series 1
50
40 30 20 10 0 IOB BOB SBI PNB 23.12 23.48 44.63 35.16 IOB BOB SBI PNB
49 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
3) Return On Asset for IOB
2012-13
Return on Asset or ROA shows how effective is the management of the company in generating income from utilizing all of the assets at their disposal. It is a useful ratio to evaluate the performance of different departments of a company as well as to understand management performance over time.
RETURN ON ASSETS = NET INCOME X 100 = 0.53% TOTAL ASSETS
Return on Asset measures overall efficiency of a company in generating profits from its total assets. It is expressed as the percentage of profits earned per dollar of Asset. A low ROA typically means that a company is asset-intensive and therefore will needs more money to continue generating revenue in the future.
RETURN ON ASSET COMPARISON IOB is currently under evaluation in return on asset category among related companies. As IOB having low % of ROA as compare to other banks so IOB need to generate revenue in future with better management of assets.
Series 1
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 IOB HDFC BANK PNB BOB 0.53 1.61 1.18 1.28
IOB HDFC BANK PNB BOB
50 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
4) Gross Profit for IOB Gross Profit is the most basic measure of business operational efficiency. It is simply the difference between sales revenue and the cost associated with making a product or providing a service. It is calculated before deducting administrative expenses, taxes, and interest payments.
GROSS PROFIT = REVENUE - COST OF REVENUE = 34.37B
Gross Profit varies significantly from one sector to another and tells investor how much money a business would have made if it didn't have to pay any overhead expenses such as salary, taxes, or rent. GROSS PROFIT COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in gross profit category among related companies. As compare to their competitors IOB having low gross profit. To make increasing in the gross profit. IOB must have to concentrate on their sales apart and to reduce their cost on revenue.
Series 1
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 IOB SBI BOB PNB 34.37B 82.86B 106.9B
606.78B
IOB SBI BOB PNB
51 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
5) Return On Equity for IOB Return on Equity or ROE tells company stockholders how effectually their money is being utilized or reinvested. It is a useful ratio when analyzing company profitability or the management effectiveness given the capital invested by the shareholders. ROE shows how effecently a company utilizes investments to generate income.
RETURN ON EQUITY = NET INCOME X 100 = 9.88% TOTAL EQUITY
For most industries Return on Equity between 10% and 30% are considered desirable to provide dividends to owners and have funds for future growth of the company. Investors should be very careful using ROE as the only efficiency indicator because ROE can be high if a company is heavily leveraged. RETURN ON EQUITY COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in return on equity category among related companies. It means that IOB is coming under the range of 10% to 30% & having limited fund to growth of their bank as compare to other banks as follows.
Series 1
25 20 15 10 9.88 5 16.27 20.87
19.27
IOB SBI BOB PNB
0
IOB SBI BOB PNB 52 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
6) Cash Flow from Operations for IOB Operating Cash Flow reveals the quality of a company's reported earnings and is calculated by deducting company's income taxes from earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation (EBITDA). In other words, Operating Cash Flow refers to the amount of cash a firm generates from the sales or products or from rendering services. Operating Cash Flow typically excludes costs associated with long-term investments or investment in marketable securities and is usually used by investor or analyst to check on the quality of a company earnings.
Operating cash flow = EBITDA – Taxes = ( 295.13B)
Operating Cash Flow shows the difference between reported income and actual cash flows of the company. If a firm does not have enough cash or cash equivalents to cover its current liabilities, then both investors and management should be concerned about company having enough liquid resources to meet current and long term debt obligations.
Series 1
0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -2000 -1890 IOB -295.13 HDFC BANK -496 -663.75 IOB HDFC BANK SBI BOB SBI BOB
53 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
7) Working Capital for IOB Working Capital is measure of company efficiency and operating liquidity. The working capital is usually calculated by subtracting Current Liabilities from Current Assets. It is important indicator of the firm ability to continue its normal operations without additional debt obligations.
WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSET – CURRENT LIABILITIES = (1047B)
Working Capital can be positive or negative, depending on how much of current debt the company is carrying on its balance sheet. In general terms, companies that have a lot of working capital will experience more growth in the near future since they can expand and improve their operations using existing resources. On the other hand, companies with small or negative working capital may lack the funds necessary for growth or future operation. Working Capital also shows if the company has sufficient liquid resources to satisfy short-term liabilities and operational expenses. WORKING CAPITAL COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in working capital category among related companies. It means IOB having negative working capital it indicates that it will suffer the problems in future & will have a need of funds to stable % extend its business.
Series 1
0 IOB -200 -400 IOB -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400
54 | P a g e
BOB
PNB
HDFC BANK
-831.41B -1047B
-778.44B
BOB PNB HDFC BANK -1291.34B
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
8) Current assets for IOB Current Asset is all of company's assets that can be used to pay off current liabilities within current fiscal period or over next 12 months. Current Asset includes cash or cash equivalents, accounts receivable, short-term investments, and the portion of prepaid liabilities which will be paid within next 12 months. Because these assets are easily turned into cash, they are sometimes referred to as liquid assets.
CURRENT ASSETS = CASH + DEPOSITS + LIQUID ASSETS = 134.42B
Current Asset is important to company's creditors and private equity firms as they will often be interested in how much that company has in current assets, since these assets can be easily liquidated in case the company goes bankrupt. However it is usually not enough to know if a company is in a good shape just based on current asset alone; the amount of current liabilities should always be considered.
CURRENT ASSET COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in current asset category among related companies.
Series 1
250 200 150 151.33B 134.42B 100 50 0 IOB BOB PNB HDFC BANK 107.2B
202.54B IOB BOB PNB HDFC BANK
55 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
9) Current Liabilities for IOB Current Liabilities is company's short term debts. This usually includes obligations that are due within next 12 months or within one fiscal year. Current liabilities are very important in analyzing a company's financial health as it requires the company to convert some of its current assets into cash.
CURRENT LIABILITIES = PAYABLES + ACCRUED DEBT = 1181.42B
Current liabilities appear on the company's balance sheet and include all short term debt accounts, accounts and notes payable, accrued liabilities as well as current payments due on the long-term loans. One of the most useful applications of Current Liabilities is the current ratio which is defined as current assets divided by its current liabilities. High current ratios mean that current assets are more than sufficient to pay off current liabilities. CURRENT LIABILITIES COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in current liabilities category among related companies. It means IOB having burden of debts & have to pay huge liabilities to creditors.
Series 1
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 IOB BOB PNB HDFC BANK 1181.42B 982.74B IOB 885.64B BOB PNB 1493.88B
HDFC BANK
56 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
10) Total Asset for IOB Total Asset is everything that a business owns. It is the sum of current and long-term assets owned by a firm at a given time. These assets are listed on a balance sheet and typically valued based on their purchasing prices, not the current market value.
TOTAL ASSETS = TANGIBLE ASSETS = 1470B
Total Asset is typically divided on the balance sheet on current asset and long-term asset. Longterm is the value of a company property, and other capital assets that are expected to be useable for more than one year. Long term assets are reported net of depreciation. On the other hand current assets are assets that are expected to be sold or converted to cash as part of normal business operation. TOTAL ASSET COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in total asset category among related companies. But as compare to BOB & PNB it having better total assets.
Series 1
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1831.03B 1470B
IOB
1166.8B 1046.86B BOB PNB HDFC BANK
IOB
BOB
PNB
HDFC BANK
57 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
11) Net Income for IOB Net income is the profit of a company for the reporting period which is derived after taking revenues and gains and subtracting all expenses and losses. Net income is one of the most watched numbers by money managers as well as individual investors.
NET INCOME = (REVENUE + GAIN) – (EXPENSES + LOSS) = 10.70B
Because income is reported on the Income Statement of a company and is measured in dollars some investors prefer to use Profit Margin which measures income as a percentage of sales. To make the net profit IOB has to increase profit margin % in respect of increase in sales. It will help them to increase in net income of the bank. NET INCOME COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in net income category among related companies. In other words, IOB is very behind in terms of net income as compare to other banks.
SERIES 1 IN B
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
177.05B IOB SBI BOB PNB 52.49B 10.78B IOB SBI BOB PNB 50.25B
58 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
12) Total Debt for IOB Total Debt refers to the amount of long term interest-bearing liabilities that a company carries on its balance sheet. That may include bonds sold to public, notes written to banks or capital leases. Typically, debt can help a company magnify its earnings, but the burden of interest and principle payments will eventually prevent the firm from borrow excessively.
TOTAL DEBT = BONDS + NOTES = 236.14B
In most industries, total debt may also include current portion of long-term debt. Since debt terms vary widely from one company to another, simply comparing outstanding debt obligations between different companies may not be adequate. It is usually meaningful to compare total debt amounts between companies that operate within the same sector. TOTAL DEBT COMPARISON Indian is currently under evaluation in net income category among related companies.
Series 1
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 IOB SBI BOB PNB 236.14B 73.19B 50.48B 1580B IOB SBI BOB PNB
59 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
13) Revenue for IOB Revenue is income that a firm generates from business activities such us rendering services or selling goods to customers. It is a crucial part of business and is important item when evaluating financial statements of a company. Revenues from a firm's main business operations can be reported on the income statement as sales revenue, net sales, or simply sales, depending on the industry in which given company operates.
REVENUE =MONEY RECEIVED – DISCOUNT AND RETURNS = 46.63B
Revenue is typically recorded when cash or cash equivalents are exchanged for services or goods and can includes product or services discounts, promotions, as well as early payments on invoices or services rendered in advance. REVENUE COMPARISON Indian Overseas Bank is rated below average in revenue category among related companies. Market size based on revenue of Money Center Banks industry is currently estimated at about 2.02 Trillion. Indian holds roughly 46.63 Billion in revenue claiming about 2.31% of all equities under Money Center Banks industry.
Sales
4% IOB 12% 9% 61% SBI BOB PNB HDFC BANK
14%
60 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Chapter 6
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION
61 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. FINDINGS While interpreting ratios’s of IOB with other competitors wo founf that:Relationship of Working Capital to Current Asset for Indian Overseas Bank is rated below average in working capital category among related companies. It is rated below average in current asset category among related companies . Relationship of Current Liabilities to Current Asset for Indian Overseas Bank is rated second overall in current liabilities category among related companies.
Relationship of Current Liabilities to Working Capital for Indian Overseas Bank is rated fifth overall in current liabilities category among related companies. It is rated below average in working capital category among related companies .
While interpreting, ratio’s to working capital we found that:Current assets are less than current liabilities it indicates that company used short term funds for short term requirement where long term funds are most costly then short term funds. Quick ratio is goes on increasing at each year with sum percentage. It indicate that current financial obligations can meet with quick funds. Negative working capital turnover shows because of high cost of sales and low in net working capital.
62 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
2. SUGGESTIONS Normally, all the performance of Indian overseas bank compare to other banks are under valuation. We can say, that the growth & performance of the IOB is not well as compare to their competitors. IOB must improve the working capital management with effective proper cash flow forecasting. This should take into account the impact of unforeseen events, market cycles, loss of prime customer and actions by competitors. To make efficient working capital management proper collaboration with your customer instead of being focused only on your own operations will also yield good results. If feasible, helping them to plan their inventory requirement efficiently to match your production with their consumption will help reduce inventory levels. IOB has to work on the important measure to manage working capital because it will help the company’s operational and financial efficiency. Current asset of IOB as compare to their competitors was good but the current liabilities of IOB is not well, high current liabilities reduce the working capital which was happen with IOB. The IOB can make better working capital by raise funds, which comparatively economical as compare to long term funds. Proper control on the debtor’s collection period which is major part of current assets. IOB take control on cash balance because cash is non earning assets and increasing cost of funds. IOB has to reduce the inventory holding period with use of zero inventory concepts. Current assets should be managed more efficiently so as to avoid unnecessary blocking of capital that could be used for other purposes.
63 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
3. CONCLUSION Analysis of working capital management is an in depth analysis. It covers the entire financial management of the company. The INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK is a company which give preference to the common mans by providing better customer services. Any change in the working capital will have an effect on a business’s cash flows. A positive change in working capital indicates that the business has paid out cash. Hence, an increase in working capital will have a negative effect on the business’s cash holding. However, a negative change in working capital indicates lower fund to pay off short term liabilities ( current liabilities), which may had bad indirect effect to the future of the company. For the best management to the working capital strict eye watch should be their now-adays. WCM is imp aspect of financial management in the bank. The evaluation of WCM in INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK has revealed that the current ratio is in increasing trend. The analysis has been conducted on WCM which will help the company to manage its working capital efficiently & effectively. Overall the company has good liquidity position but as see to current liabilities. They not having sufficient funds to repayment of liabilities.
64 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
Chapter 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
65 | P a g e
Evaluation Of Working Capital Management InIOB
2012-13
1. BOOKS A. Financial management by I.M.PANDEY B. Financial management by PRASSANA CHANDRA 2. MANUAL FROM IOB 3. WEBSITES A. www.iob.com B. www.wikipedia.com C. www.google.com D. http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/workingcapital/ E. http://www.macroaxis.com/invest/compare/IOB.NS F. www.moneycontrol.com
66 | P a g e
doc_713961947.docx