(MARKETING MANAGEMENT_)
Principles of Management as per Henry Fayol:Fayol suggested 14 principles of Management which he found can be most frequentl y applied for the Management work. He, however, recognized that there was no lim it of number of principles of Management and the principles of Management and th e principles laid down by him were flexible and capable of adaptation to every n eed. These principles are:Authority and Responsibility: - The Authority and Responsibility are related closely with each other. If a person is given authority to work freely, and can take decision independently, he will become more responsible. Authority is deri ved from position and personal qualities. If the top management wants to dischar ge responsibility; there should be a balance between Authority and Responsibilit y. Unity of command: Unity of command means that a person should get orders and instructions from one superior. In case of unity of command, there will be no c onfusion and conflict. There will be greater feeling of personal responsibility. This is contrary to the Taylor s functional foremanship. In the words of Fayol- If the unity of command is not followed, order will be disturbed and stability thr eatened. This rule seems fundamental to me and so I have put in the rank of prin ciple. Unity of Direction:-According to this principle, there should be one plan fo r each group of activities. It provides a better coordination among various acti vities. Discipline: - All the persons who are working in the organisation should be disciplined. Discipline should be in behaviour and application. Discipline may b e of two type: (i) Self-imposed discipline. (ii) Discipline by command. Self discipline arises within the individual while command discipline is express ed by customs, rules and regulations. This can be learned but experience and tac t of managers. 05. Scalar Chain There should be a scalar Chain of authority and of commu nication ranging from highest to lowest. It suggests that each communication going up or coming down must flow through each position in the line of authority. Fayol has suggested gang plank which is used t o prevent the scalar chain from bogging down action. 06. Initiative: within the limits of authority and discipline, managers should e ncourage their employees for talking initiative. Initiative is concerned with th inking out and execution of a plan. Initiative increases zeal and energy on the part of human beings. 07. Equity: - Equity is the combination of justice and kindness. Equity in treat ment and behaviour is liked by everyone and it brings loyalty in the organisatio n. 08. Division of labour: Fayol was in favour of division of work. According to hi m it will brings specialisation. If the work is divided among works and their du ties are fixed, they will work with more sincerity and honesty. Secondly, they w ill become experts their work and output will increase with accuracy. On the ot her hand , If the duties are changed frequently, it will require training of wor
kers again and again and output will reduce. 09. centralisation :- centralisation indicates that the interests of organisatio n should be given highest priority . There should be efforts to archive the high est common objective of the enterprice. 10. Order :- There should be a place of every- thing and everything should be i n its palce. If the size of the organisation is bigger, it will be more difficul t to manage the organisation. 11. Remuneration of Personnel : Remuneration of employees should be fair and pro vide maximum possible satisfaction to employees and employers. Fayol did not fav our profit-sharing plan for workers but advocated it for managers. He was also i n favour of non-financial benefits though these were possible only in the case o f large-scale organisation. 12. Stability of Tenure : No employee should be removed within short time. There should be reasonable security of jobs. Stability of tenure is essential to get an employee accustomed to new work and succeeding in doing it well. Unnecessary turnover is both cause and effect of bad management. 13. Espirit de Corps : this is the principle of Union is strength and extension of unity of command for establishing team work. The manager should encourage espri t de corps among his employees. The employees should be set right by oral direct ions and not by demanding written explanations. Written explanation complicate the matters. 14. Subordination of individual to general Interest : common interest is above t he individual interest. individual interest must be Subordinate to general inter est when there is conflict b/w the two. How-ever , factors like ambition, lazi ness, weakness etc., tend to reduce the importance of general interest . Therefo re, superiors should set an example in fairness and goodness. The agreement b/w employers and employee should be fair and there should be constant vigilance and supervision.
doc_303208640.txt
Principles of Management as per Henry Fayol:Fayol suggested 14 principles of Management which he found can be most frequentl y applied for the Management work. He, however, recognized that there was no lim it of number of principles of Management and the principles of Management and th e principles laid down by him were flexible and capable of adaptation to every n eed. These principles are:Authority and Responsibility: - The Authority and Responsibility are related closely with each other. If a person is given authority to work freely, and can take decision independently, he will become more responsible. Authority is deri ved from position and personal qualities. If the top management wants to dischar ge responsibility; there should be a balance between Authority and Responsibilit y. Unity of command: Unity of command means that a person should get orders and instructions from one superior. In case of unity of command, there will be no c onfusion and conflict. There will be greater feeling of personal responsibility. This is contrary to the Taylor s functional foremanship. In the words of Fayol- If the unity of command is not followed, order will be disturbed and stability thr eatened. This rule seems fundamental to me and so I have put in the rank of prin ciple. Unity of Direction:-According to this principle, there should be one plan fo r each group of activities. It provides a better coordination among various acti vities. Discipline: - All the persons who are working in the organisation should be disciplined. Discipline should be in behaviour and application. Discipline may b e of two type: (i) Self-imposed discipline. (ii) Discipline by command. Self discipline arises within the individual while command discipline is express ed by customs, rules and regulations. This can be learned but experience and tac t of managers. 05. Scalar Chain There should be a scalar Chain of authority and of commu nication ranging from highest to lowest. It suggests that each communication going up or coming down must flow through each position in the line of authority. Fayol has suggested gang plank which is used t o prevent the scalar chain from bogging down action. 06. Initiative: within the limits of authority and discipline, managers should e ncourage their employees for talking initiative. Initiative is concerned with th inking out and execution of a plan. Initiative increases zeal and energy on the part of human beings. 07. Equity: - Equity is the combination of justice and kindness. Equity in treat ment and behaviour is liked by everyone and it brings loyalty in the organisatio n. 08. Division of labour: Fayol was in favour of division of work. According to hi m it will brings specialisation. If the work is divided among works and their du ties are fixed, they will work with more sincerity and honesty. Secondly, they w ill become experts their work and output will increase with accuracy. On the ot her hand , If the duties are changed frequently, it will require training of wor
kers again and again and output will reduce. 09. centralisation :- centralisation indicates that the interests of organisatio n should be given highest priority . There should be efforts to archive the high est common objective of the enterprice. 10. Order :- There should be a place of every- thing and everything should be i n its palce. If the size of the organisation is bigger, it will be more difficul t to manage the organisation. 11. Remuneration of Personnel : Remuneration of employees should be fair and pro vide maximum possible satisfaction to employees and employers. Fayol did not fav our profit-sharing plan for workers but advocated it for managers. He was also i n favour of non-financial benefits though these were possible only in the case o f large-scale organisation. 12. Stability of Tenure : No employee should be removed within short time. There should be reasonable security of jobs. Stability of tenure is essential to get an employee accustomed to new work and succeeding in doing it well. Unnecessary turnover is both cause and effect of bad management. 13. Espirit de Corps : this is the principle of Union is strength and extension of unity of command for establishing team work. The manager should encourage espri t de corps among his employees. The employees should be set right by oral direct ions and not by demanding written explanations. Written explanation complicate the matters. 14. Subordination of individual to general Interest : common interest is above t he individual interest. individual interest must be Subordinate to general inter est when there is conflict b/w the two. How-ever , factors like ambition, lazi ness, weakness etc., tend to reduce the importance of general interest . Therefo re, superiors should set an example in fairness and goodness. The agreement b/w employers and employee should be fair and there should be constant vigilance and supervision.
doc_303208640.txt