Entrepreneurship In Ireland 2013 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Gem

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Brief explanation around entrepreneurship in ireland 2013 global entrepreneurship monitor (gem).

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The Annual Report for Ireland
PAULA FITZSIMONS & COLM O’GORMAN
Entrepreneurship in Ireland
2013
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
GEM research in Ireland and this report are supported by
Enterprise Ireland, Forfás, and the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
The Annual Report for Ireland
Paula Fitzsimons
Colm O’Gorman
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
IN IRELAND 2013
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The 2013 GEM Report for Ireland is supported by Enterprise Ireland,
Forfás, and the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation. The
?ndings of this independent report, however, do not necessarily
represent the views of these organisations.
Although data used in this report is collected by the GEM consortium,
its analysis and interpretation is the sole responsibility of the authors.
The authors, for their part, have attempted to ensure accuracy and
completeness of the information contained in this publication. No
responsibility can be accepted, however, for any errors and inaccuracies
that occur.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 05
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 07
AUTHORS’ DETAILS 09
FOREWORD 11
RECENT ENTREPRENEURS FEATURED ON THE COVER 15
GEM METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 17
SECTION 1: SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND IN 2013 19
SECTION 2: ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND IN 2013 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 The Entrepreneurial Process 21
2.3 Potenial Entrepreneurs in the General Population 22
2.4 Aspiration to Start a Businesses 23
2.5 Culture: Perceptions of the General Population 23
2.6 Early Stage Entrepreneurial Activity 24
2.7 Owner Managers of Established Businesses 25
2.8 Discontinued Businesses and Exits 25
2.9 Pro?le of Irish Entrepreneurs 25
2.10 Entrepreneurship by Immigrants 27
2.11 Entrepreneurial Teams 27
2.12 Informal Investors 27
2.13 The Impact of Entrepreneurial Activity 28
2.14 Entrepreneurship and Well-being 29
2.15 Environment and Ecosystem 29
SECTION 3: POLICY SPOTLIGHT ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 A Focus on Entrepreneurship in Europe 33
3.3 A Focus on Entrepreneurship in Ireland 35
CONTENTS
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SECTION 4: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Male and Female Early Stage Entrepreneurs in Ireland 39
4.3 Personal Context 41
4.4 Future Entrepreneurs 42
4.5 New Business Sectors and Start-up Locations 43
4.6 Impact of Entrepreneurial Activity 43
4.7 Owner Managers of Established Businesses 44
4.8 Discontinued Businesses 45
4.9 Business Angels 45
SECTION 5: PROFILES OF ENTREPRENEURS 47
- Barbara Anne Murphy 48
- John Hughes 49
- Leonora O’Brien 50
- Marjorie O’Malley 51
- Pat O’Neill 52
- Pat Phelan 53
- Patrick Rigney 54
- Theresa Keady 55
SECTION 6: COMPARATIVE DATA ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN 2013 57
APPENDIX 1: GLOBAL RESULTS 79
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TABLES (SECTION 2 TO SECTION 4 INCLUSIVE)
Table 1 A Snapshot of Entrepreneurship in Ireland in 2013 22
Table 2 Entrepreneurship in Ireland 2008-2013 24
Table 3 Early Stage Entrepreneurs by Gender 2010-2013 40
Table 4 New Business Owners by Gender 2010-2013 40
Table 5 Nascent Entrepreneurs by Gender 2010-2013 41
Table 6 Aspiring Entrepreneurs by Gender 2010-2013 42
Table 7 Comparison of Early Stage Entrepreneurs by Gender 44
Table 8 Owner Managers of Established Businesses by Gender 2010-2013 45
FIGURES (SECTION 2)
Figure 1 The Entrepreneurial Process and GEM Operational De?nitions 21
Figure 2 The GEM Conceptual Framework 30
SECTION 6: COMPARATIVE DATA ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN 2013
Table A Potential Entrepreneurs: Personal Context of General Population 57
Table B Entrepreneurial Activity 58
Table C ‘Culture’: Perceptions of General Population 59
Table D Exits and Reasons for Exits 60
Table E Motivations of Early Stage Entrepreneurs 61
Table F Age of Early Stage Entrepreneurs 62
Table G Education Level of Early Stage Entrepreneurs 63
Table H Employment Status and Household Income of Early Stage Entrepreneurs 64
Table I Age of Established Owner Managers 65
Table J Education Level and Household Income of Established Owner Managers 66
Table K Early Stage Entrepreneurial Activity by Immigrants 67
Table L Entrepreneurial Teams 68
Table M Informal Investors: Rates and Amounts 69
Table N Sector of Activity of Early Stage Entrepreneurs and Established Owner Managers 70
Table O Innovativeness of Early Stage Entrepreneurs 71
Table P Innovativeness of Established Owner Managers 72
Table Q Growth Aspirations of Early Stage Entrepreneurs and Established Owner Managers 73
Table R International Orientation of Early Stage Entrepreneurs 74
Table S International Orientation of Established Owner Managers 75
Table T Gender: Entrepreneurial Activity 76
Table U Gender: Personal Context of General Population 77
APPENDIX 1: GLOBAL RESULTS 79
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
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Thanks to the sponsorship of Enterprise Ireland, Forfás and the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and
Innovation, Ireland is included in the 2013 GEM research cycle. We are very grateful to our sponsors
for their support and for the importance they place on entrepreneurship. At a time of unprecedented
challenges, when policy makers focus now more than ever on the contribution that entrepreneurs
can make, GEM research and analysis is in a position to provide important data to inform and shape
policy choices.
The Irish GEM team would like to thank all the members of the public who participated in our survey.
We are very grateful to them as without their participation, the adult population survey, on which GEM
research is primarily based, could not be completed.
We are also grateful to all the entrepreneurs and expert informants that were consulted as part of this
research. They gave generously of their time and their insights as always enriched our understanding
of the changing environment for entrepreneurship in Ireland.
We thank our colleagues in the National GEM Teams, who undertake the research in each of the
sixty seven countries. We are also grateful to the coordination team in the Global Entrepreneurship
Research Association (GERA). The coordination team manages to skillfully combine complex data
from all the national teams, while ensuring robustness and academic rigour. We also acknowledge
with thanks the assistance of Ian McGlynn, Fitzsimons Consulting, in the production of this report,
particularly in relation to the pro?les of the entrepreneurs featured.
Finally, our sincere thanks go to the many readers of the GEM annual reports. By your comments
it appears that many of you ?nd the information of value in a wide variety of circumstances. We are
grateful for your feedback and for your continued interest in the research.
Paula Fitzsimons Colm O’Gorman
fitzsimons consulting
S P ECI AL I S I NG I N E NTRE P RE NE URS HI P AND GROWTH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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PAULA FITZSIMONS, the founder of Fitzsimons Consulting which specialises in entrepreneurship
and growth, has been the national coordinator for the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for
Ireland since 2000.
Having been actively involved in its design and development, Paula acted as the coordinator and
communications manager for Senior Enterprise, which seeks to increase the engagement of those in
the older age group with entrepreneurship and with enterprise more generally. This initiative received
support from the EU through INTERREG IVB NWE. The Mid-East Regional Authority acted as Lead
Partner and there were partners in the UK and France. The initiative is perceived as highly innovative
in meeting a real need. Senior Enterprise was awarded the European Enterprise Promotion Award,
Investment in Skills, in November 2013.
Paula is also the director of Going for Growth, which is focused on peer support as a means of assisting
women entrepreneurs who wish to grow their businesses. Designed to address a gap in enterprise
development, the Going for Growth initiative is being funded under the Equality for Women Measure
2010-2013 and Enterprise Ireland. The Equality for Women Measure is funded by the European Social
Fund (ESF) and the Department of Justice and Equality. Going for Growth was included in the 2009
Good Practice initiatives by the European Commission and voted into the Top 10 as most bene?cial
to implement of those initiatives. It was selected to represent Ireland in the Investing in Skills category
of the European Enterprise Awards 2011. Most recently it has been described as an inspiring practice
in the OECD/EU report “Missing Entrepreneurs” and has been selected as a Good Practice by the
European Institute for Gender Equality (2014). A pilot of Going for Growth is currently being run in
Finland and the intention is to implement the initiative across Europe.
CONTACT DETAILS:
Paula Fitzsimons • Tel: +353 1 845 0770 • E-mail: paula@?tzsimons-consulting.com
COLM O’GORMAN is Professor of Entrepreneurship at Dublin City University Business School. His
research focuses on entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth in new ?rms and in small and medium
sized enterprises (SMEs). Speci?cally he has studied the growth strategies of SMEs, the nature of
managerial work in high growth SMEs, mission statements in SMEs, and internationalisation processes
in International New Ventures, and in SMEs. He has explored the emergence of high-tech ?rms in the
context of cluster dynamics, including a study of the factors that led to the rapid emergence of the
software industry in Ireland during the 1990s. He has examined innovation processes in large ?rms.

Colm has published in international peer-reviewed journals such as Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, European Planning Studies, Journal of Small Business Management, International
Marketing Review, Organizational Dynamics, R&D Management, Small Business Economics, and
Venture Capital. He has completed several European Union funded research projects. He is co-author
of ‘Enterprise in Action’, a text book on entrepreneurship for Irish students. He has co-authored
eight teaching cases studies on entrepreneurship published by the European Case Clearing House,
including several award winning cases.
CONTACT DETAILS:
Colm O’Gorman • Tel: +353 1 700 6941 • E-mail: [email protected]
AUTHORS’ DETAILS
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As I have said before, in Ireland we have great entrepreneurs – we just don’t have enough of them.
Start-ups in the ?rst ?ve years of existence create two thirds of all new jobs – if we can increase the
number of start-ups this can have a major impact on the creation of the jobs we badly need. That is
why as a Government we stated a clear ambition for Ireland to be among the most entrepreneurial
nations in the world and acknowledged as a world class environment in which to start and grow a
business.
We know that it is individuals and not Government that establish new businesses, but what Government
can do is remove barriers and support an environment where more businesses can start and grow.
Through the Action Plan for Jobs, we have been working hard to do just that. We have been assisted
in these efforts by the Entrepreneurship Forum, under the Chairmanship of Sean O’Sullivan, and the
wide consultation process that accompanied it. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) also
continues to provide valuable information and insights into the entrepreneurial landscape in Ireland
and in comparator countries.
In the Action Plan for Jobs 2014 we have set down concrete measures that will be taken by
Government this year with the objective of supporting greater levels of entrepreneurship and start-ups.
The 31 Local Enterprise Of?ces, supported by a Centre of Excellence in Enterprise Ireland, are now
in place to drive entrepreneurial activity in every part of the country. Other measures to increase youth
entrepreneurship, to facilitate more extensive mentoring, peer learning and knowledge sharing among
entrepreneurs, and to target those segments of the population with untapped entrepreneurial potential
are also being implemented.
I am currently ?nalising a National Entrepreneurship Policy Statement, which will put in place a clear
roadmap with medium term actions for entrepreneurship to bring us further along the road to achieving
our ambitious goal.
I know that the economic environment has posed real challenges for those starting a business in
recent years. This had been re?ected in the results of previous GEM research, which showed some
declining trends in Ireland’s entrepreneurship potential and entrepreneurial base.
Continued over
FOREWORD
“If we can increase the number of
start-ups this can have a major impact on
the creation of the jobs we badly need.”
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Against this background, I am delighted to see the latest results from GEM, which show that 32,000
people started a new business in Ireland in 2013. This is the highest level of new business creation
since the onset of the economic crisis. The outlook for the future is also positive as the number stating
their intention to start a new business in the next three years has signi?cantly increased and has turned
the decline of recent years right around.
The challenge for Ireland is to sustain and build on this entrepreneurial effort so that businesses can
emerge which are innovative, capable of growth and able to match international competition on home
and export markets. These are the type of businesses that will be key drivers of employment creation.
I am delighted to see that a higher proportion of early stage entrepreneurs expect to become employers
than is the case in comparator countries in Europe and across the OECD. Aspiring to growth is not the
same as achieving it, but it is a good place to start. For this reason I am pleased to learn that one in
?ve of these entrepreneurs expect to grow their new business beyond a micro enterprise and employ
ten or more. This is indeed good news.
We are committed in the Action Plan for Jobs to track progress towards achieving our targets. The
depth of internationally comparable data on entrepreneurial activity which GEM provides assists us in
monitoring Ireland’s entrepreneurial performance over time and against other comparator countries.
I would like to thank the authors of the report, Paula Fitzsimons and Dr Colm O’Gorman, for their
continued work in providing this valuable information.
RICHARD BRUTON T.D.
Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation
June 2014
FOREWORD (CONTINUED)
“The challenge for Ireland is to sustain and build on this
entrepreneurial effort so that businesses can emerge
which are innovative, capable of growth and able to match
international competition on home and export markets.”
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RECENT ENTREPRENEURS FEATURED
ON THE COVER
A pro?le of each of the following entrepreneurs, who have recently set up a new business,
is included in Section 6.
NEW BUSINESS: EC CHARGING
ACTIVITY: Manufacture of high speed, network
enabled electric vehicle charging stations.
LOCATION: Dublin
NEW BUSINESS: ACHILL ISLAND SEA SALT
ACTIVITY: Salt production from the waters
of Keel in Achill
LOCATION: Co. Mayo
NEW BUSINESS: TRUSTEV
ACTIVITY: Real-time online identity veri?cation
reducing the risk of fraud
LOCATION: Cork
NEW BUSINESS: INSULCHECK
ACTIVITY: Digital device which detects the
time insulin was last injected by a diabetic
LOCATION: Dublin
NEW BUSINESS: PJ RIGNEY DISTILLERY &
INTERNATIONAL BRANDS
ACTIVITY: Multi-purpose distillery
LOCATION: Co. Leitrim
NEW BUSINESS: PHARMAPOD
ACTIVITY: Incident reporting & learning system
for pharmacists
LOCATION: Dublin
NEW BUSINESS: ZENITH ADHESIVE COMPONENTS
ACTIVITY: Manufacture & supply of medical
and industrial adhesive components
LOCATION: Co. Westmeath
THERESA
KEADY
MARJORIE
O’MALLEY
PAT
PHELAN
JOHN
HUGHES
PATRICK
RIGNEY
LEONORA
O’BRIEN
PAT
O’NEILL
BARBARA
ANNE MURPHY
NEW BUSINESS: EQUILUME
ACTIVITY: The Equilume Light Mask provides
arti?cial light to mares affecting the timing of their
reproduction cycle
LOCATION: Co. Kildare
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The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) provides unique measures of the involvement of
individuals in entrepreneurial activity. GEM carries out identical population surveys on an annual basis
in 67 countries.
1
The support of Enterprise Ireland, Forfás and the Department of Jobs, Enterprise
and Innovation made possible the surveying of 2,000 people in Ireland in 2013.
2
GEM describes
entrepreneurial activity as a process and measures different phases of this process from conception
through ?rm birth to persistence.
3
Aspiring entrepreneurs
Aspiring entrepreneurs are those who expect to start a business in the next three years. The rate is for
those in the adult population aged 18-64 years inclusive.
Nascent entrepreneurs
Nascent entrepreneurs are those actively planning a new venture. These entrepreneurs have done
something during the previous twelve months to help start a new business, that he or she will at least
part own. Activities such as organising the start-up team, looking for equipment, saving money for
the start-up, or writing a business plan would all be considered as active commitments to starting
a business. Wages or salaries will not have been paid for more than three months in respect of the
new business. Many of these people are still in fulltime employment. The rate is for those in the adult
population aged 18-64 years inclusive.
New business owners
New business owners are entrepreneurs who at least part own and manage a new business that is
between 4 and 42 months old and have not paid wages or salaries for longer than this period. These
new ventures are in the ?rst 42 months after the new venture has been set up. The rate is for those in
the adult population aged 18-64 years inclusive.
Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA rate)
As its name implies, total early stage entrepreneurial activity refers to the total rate of early stage
entrepreneurial activity among the adult population aged 18-64 years inclusive. In some instances, this
rate is less than the combined percentages for nascent and new business owners. This is because,
in circumstances where respondents qualify as both a nascent and a new business owner, they are
counted only once.
Owner managers of established businesses
In addition to those people who are currently involved in the early stages of a business, there are
also many people who have set up businesses that they have continued to own and manage. These
people are included in the established business owner index which captures the percentage of people
in the population that have set up businesses that they have continued to own and manage and which
has paid wages or salaries for more than 42 months. The rate is for those in the adult population aged
18-64 years inclusive.
1
As part of GEM research in 2013, over 190,000 adults (18-64 years of age) and 3,800 national experts were surveyed in 67
economies, spanning diverse geographies and a range of development levels.
2
A random telephone survey was carried out in June 2013.
3
Figure1 in Section 2 illustrates the entrepreneurial process with reference to these de?nitions.
GEM METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
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GEM research shows that entrepreneurial activity in Ireland increased signi?cantly in 2013 in contrast
to the trends noted in the previous three years. For the ?rst time in four years the more positive trends
are more signi?cant than the less positive trends.
MORE POSITIVE TRENDS
New business owners
• Approximately 32,000 individuals started a new business in 2013.
4
• Men as well as women have substantially increased the rate at which they are starting new
businesses. The ratio between men and women who are owners of new businesses is now 1.4:1.
• 13% of new business owners expect to have more than 75% of their customers outside Ireland
Early stage entrepreneurial activity
• One in eleven of the adult population in Ireland are engaged in some aspect of early stage
entrepreneurial activity. This is the highest rate of early stage entrepreneurial activity recorded in
Ireland since 2005.
• Ireland’s ranking against other countries in terms of early stage entrepreneurial activity has greatly
improved.
• Relative to other countries, entrepreneurs in Ireland tend to be very well educated.
• Early stage entrepreneurship is higher among immigrant groups than it is among those born in Ireland.
Growth and innovation
• Most early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland expect to become employers and a signifcant minority
expect to have signi?cant jobs growth within ?ve years.
• Early stage entrepreneurs tend to be more innovative and a greater proportion use the very latest
technology compared to owner managers of established businesses.
Motivations
• The rate at which individuals are turning to entrepreneurship out of necessity continued a
downward trend.
Entrepreneurial aspirations
• The proportion of people in Ireland who indicate that they intend to start a business in the next three
years increased signi?cantly in 2013 and is now at the highest level since Ireland become involved
in GEM research in 2000.
Attitudes and supports
• A high status, conferred on successful entrepreneurs, is more prevalent in Ireland that it is across
the OECD and EU.
• The perception of supportive media attention for entrepreneurship continues to be stronger in
Ireland compared to across the OECD and EU.
SECTION 1
SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND IN 2013
4
The number of new business started in 2013 is less than this number as many new businesses have multiple owners. Approximately
15,200 new businesses were started in 2013.
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• The development agencies, in particular Enterprise Ireland and the City and County Enterprise
Boards
5
, were singled out for praise as a major support for entrepreneurial activity in Ireland, by the
entrepreneurs and experts consulted as part of the research.
LESS POSITIVE TRENDS
Owner-managers
• The rate of owner managers of established businesses is now at its lowest rate since 2004.
Opportunities
• The recession continues to have a very severe impact on the number of people in Ireland perceiving
opportunities for new businesses.
Attitudes
• The rate at which entrepreneurship is considered a good career choice by the general public is
relatively low.
Financing
• The average amount invested by informal investors in Ireland is relatively low.
• Diffculties surrounding access and availability of fnance continued to be cited most frequently as a
constraint in 2013, as it was the previous year, by the entrepreneurs and experts consulted as part
of the reseach.
5
In April 2014 the City and County Enterprise Boards were replaced by a nationwide system of 31 Local Enterprise Of?ces (LEOs) as a
result of a restructuring of the system for the delivery of State supports to micro and small businesses. The LEOs are intended to be the
First Stop Shop for anyone seeking information and support on starting or growing a business in Ireland. An initiative of the Action Plan
for Jobs, the LEOs are committed to delivering an enhanced and more integrated support service for micro and small business in Ireland.
It is intended that the new LEOs will build on the achievements of the County and City Enterprise Boards.https://www.localenterprise.ie/
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this section we provide an overview of entrepreneurship in Ireland in 2013 and we examine certain
aspects of entrepreneurship in some detail. The ?ndings are compared with other developed countries,
in particular with those who were included in the GEM 2013 research cycle from across the EU
6

and OECD.
7
For ease of reference, cross country comparisons relevant to this section are collected
together in Section 6 (Table A through to Table S).
The information provided is based on GEM research, which draws on an analysis of the facts, views and
opinions gathered as part of an adult population study of 2,000 people that was undertaken in mid-year.
It also draws on the views and opinions of a panel of experts and entrepreneurs who were consulted and
whose insights enriched our understanding of the prevailing entrepreneurial ecosystem (Section 2.15).
GEM research is carried out in exactly the same way in each of the sixty seven countries participating
in the cycle. Accordingly, the results can be compared across countries and Ireland’s relative position
ascertained. For the most part, comparisons are made with countries in the OECD, EU-28 and
EU-15.
8
As Ireland has participated in GEM research in all but one year since 2000, comparisons over
time can also be made.
2.2 THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS
GEM describes entrepreneurial activity as a process and measures different phases of this process
from conception through ?rm birth to persistence (Figure 1).
6
Twenty three of the EU-28 countries are included. They are Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
7
Of the 67 countries included in the GEM 2013 research, 28 are members of the OCED. They are Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech
Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States.
8
Thirteen of the EU-15 countries are included. They are Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
SECTION 2
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND IN 2013
Source: Adapted from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report, José Ernesto Amorós and Niels Bosma, page 19.
FIGURE 1: THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROCESS & GEM OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Discontinuation of Business
Owner-Manager of an
Established Business
(more than 3.5 years old)
Potential Entrepreneur:
Opportunities,
Knowledge and Skills
Conception Firm Birth
Early-stage Entrepreneurship Pro?le
Socio-demographics
> Sex
> Age
Impact
> Business growth
> Innovation
> Internationalization
Industry
> Sector
Persistence
Nascent Entrepreneur:
Involved in Setting
Up a Business
New Business Owner
(up to 3.5 years old)
TOTAL EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY (TEA)
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Table 1 gives a snapshot of entrepreneurial activity in Ireland in 2013 with reference to this entrepreneurial
cycle. Unless otherwise stated, all rates discussed in this report are for those in the adult population
aged 18-64 years inclusive.
The proportion of people in Ireland who express an intention to start a business in the next three
years has increased signifcantly in 2013 to 14.7% (from 8.0% in 2012). The rate of early stage
entrepreneurs has also increased (9.2% in 2013 from 6.1% in 2012) and Ireland’s ranking against
other countries has greatly improved. Ireland is now ranked 11th among the OECD countries, 9th of
the EU-28 countries and 2nd of the EU-15 countries.
2.3 POTENTIAL ENTREPRENEURS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Potential entrepreneurs are found among the general population and are latent entrpereneurs. They
may never act on their entrepreneurial potential but they have certain aspects in their personal contexts
which makes them more likely to be future entrepreneurs than others in the population. They tend to
know recent entrepreneurs, are alert to enterprising opportunities in their environment, believe that
they have the knowledge and skills to start and successfully run a new business and are less
susceptible to being deterred by fear of failure.
In 2013 in Ireland:
• Over one in four people (28%) believe that there are opportunities to start a business in their local
area in the coming six months.
11

• Over four in ten people (43%) believe they have the skills and knowledge to start a business.
• Three in ten people (31%) have an entrepreneurial role model.
12

• Over four in ten people (45%) report that fear of failure would prevent them starting a business.
Perception of opportunity
The recession has had a very severe impact on the number of people in Ireland perceiving new
business opportunities in their local area. The rate in 2013 is 28%, similar to the previous two years
(26%). This rate, however is signifcantly lower than in 2007 (46%).
This dramatic fall in the perception of opportunities for new businesses is particularly marked when
Ireland is compared to other countries. The rate in Ireland (28%) is below the average across the
OECD (34%), EU-28 (29%) and EU-15 (31%) (Table A in Section 6).
In the Nordic countries of Sweden (64%) and Norway (64%), the great majority of the general public are
able to identify opportunities for new businesses. In Finland, however, there has been a signifcant drop
in the perception of entrepreneurial opportunities among the general public (44% in 2013 compared to
55% in 2012). The perception of opportunities by the general public to start a new business venture
in Spain (16%), Italy (17%) and Greece (14%) during 2013 continues at extremely low rates and is
considerably lower than the rate of opportunity recognition in Ireland.
9
The TEA rate is less than the combined totals for nascent and new business owners. This is because, in circumstances where
respondents qualify as both a nascent entrepreneur and a new business owner, they are counted only once.
10
Closed a business in the previous 12 months and the business was discontinued.
11
The period referred to was July to December 2013
12
They know someone who started a business in the past two years
TABLE 1: A SNAPSHOT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND IN 2013

Aspiring Nascent New business Total Owner Entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs owners early stage managers of discontinuing
entrepreneurs established businesses
10
(TEA)
9
businesses
Percentage of
adult population 14.7% 5.5% 3.8% 9.2% 7.5% 1.9%
Number of people 427,000 161,000 112,000 269,000 218,000 54,000

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Almost a third of the experts and entrepreneurs, who were consulted by GEM in 2013 as part of the
national key informant survey, mentioned the continuing recession and economic uncertainity as a
constraint on entrepreneurial activity.
13
Many highlighted that the recession has created a lack of
con?dence in the ecomony leading to spending decisions being postponed for longer.
Self con?dence in own skills
Over four in ten people in Ireland believe that they have the skills and knowledge to start a business. In
this, Ireland (43%) is broadly similar to the average across the OECD (42%), EU-28 (42%), and EU-15
(40%) (Table A).
Many of the experts and entrepreneurs consulted as members of the key informant panel, however,
felt that there was a lack of ability and knowledge to successfully start and manage a new business
among the general public. This view was not unique to key informant panel members in Ireland and
was also held by panel members across the OECD and EU.
Entrepreneurial role models
In Ireland almost a third of people report knowing someone who had recently set up a new business
(31%). This fgure, however, is much lower than in previous years (37% in 2012). Historically, Ireland
had a higher rate relative to other countries. However, this rate is now similar to the average across
the OECD (32%), EU-28 (31%) and EU-15 (30%) (Table A).
Fear of Failure
In terms of fear of failure deterring an individual from starting a new business, the rate in Ireland (45%)
is similar to that across the OECD (45%), EU-28 (47%), and EU-15 (48%). Interestingly, the prevalence
of those reporting fear of failure as an inhibitor is more prevalent in Greece (69%), Italy (56%) and
Poland (56%). The fgures from Germany (48%,) the UK (40%) and the US (35%) are broadly similar
to those of Ireland (Table A).
2.4 ASPIRATION TO START A BUSINESS
Focusing on those who have not yet started to set up a new business, but have clearly stated their
intention to do so in the next three years, GEM research tells us that 14.7% of the population in Ireland
expressed this view in 2013 (Table 1). The number of people that aspire to be an entrepreneur in the
next three years is at the highest level since Ireland become involved with GEM in 2000.
This improved rate in Ireland is now well ahead of the EU-15 average (11.5%) more on par with the
average across the OECD (15.4%) and EU-28 ( 15.9%) (Table B).
2.5 CULTURE: PERCEPTIONS OF THE GENERAL POPULATION
In 2013, half the adult population (50%) in Ireland considered entrepreneurship to be a good career
choice. This has increased from 45% in 2012. Despite the improvement, the rate considering
entrepreneurship as a good career choice is still lower than it was in 2006, when it was 70%. The
2013 rate in Ireland is also lower than the average across the OECD (54%), EU-28 (57%) and EU-15
(55%) (Table C).
Successful entrepreneurs continue to be well considered in Irish society, with 81% of individuals
considering that success at entrepreneurship has high status. This rate is considerably higher than it
is across the OECD (67%), EU-28 (65%) or EU-15 (70%) (Table C).
The perception of supportive media attention for entrepreneurship has fallen slightly over the course of
the last year. In 2013 it is perceived as supportive by 60% of people in Ireland. This rate, however, is
higher than the average across the OECD (51%), EU-28 (49%) and EU-15 (49%) (Table C).
13
Of the 36 strong panel just over half are entrepreneurs (53%). The others are experts drawn from across academia and from the public
and private sectors. All are well informed in this area and have considerable experience in dealing with entrepreneurs and their new
ventures and /or with the ecosystem that impacts on them.
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2.6 EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
In Ireland 3.8% of the adult population are new business owners and a further 5.5% are nascent
entrepreneurs. This means that almost one in eleven of the adult population in Ireland (9.2%)
14
is
engaged in some aspect of early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) (Table 1).
Nascent entrepreneurs are further along the entrepreneurial development cycle than aspiring
entrepreneurs in that they are actively planning a new venture, although many of them may still be in
employment. Nascent entrepreneurs have done something during the previous twelve months to help
start a new business, that he or she will at least part own. Activities such as organising the start-up team,
looking for equipment, saving money for the start-up, or writing a business plan would all be considered
as active commitments to starting a business. Wages or salaries will not have been paid for more than
three months in respect of the new business. These people will not all start a new business. The rate is
for those in the adult population aged 18-64 years inclusive. The rate of nascent entrepreneurs in 2013
was 5.5% of the adult population. This equates to approximately 161,000 individuals.
New business owners are entrepreneurs that have actually set up a new business, which they at
least part own and manage. The business is between 4 and 42 months old and they have not paid
wages or salaries for longer than this period. The rate of new business owners is 3.8% of the adult
population. This equates to approximately 32,000 people in 2013 involved in starting a new ?rm. This
is a considerable increase on the position in 2012, when 19,000 individuals were involved in starting
a new business. As many new businesses have multiple owners, the number of new ?rms started is
lower
15
.
Total early stage entrepreneurship (TEA) is a combination of new business owners and nascent
entrepreneurs. The TEA rate in Ireland is 9.2%. The rate in 2013 (9.2%) is higher than it was in 2012
(6.1%) and is due both to an increase in the rate of new business owners (to 3.8% from 2.3%) and
nascent entrepreneurs (to 5.5% from 3.9%) (Table 2). The prevalence of early stage entrepreneurs is
at its highest level since 2005 (9.8%).
Relative to other countries, Ireland’s rate of early stage entrepreneurial activity is high (Table B). For
example, relative to OECD and EU-28 countries, Ireland has a higher than average rate of new business
ownership, nascent entrepreneurship and TEA. Relative to the EU-28 member countries, Ireland is
now ranked 9th (of twenty three countries included) in terms of early stage entrepreneurial activity.
Relative to EU-15 countries Ireland ranks 2nd out of 13 countries included. Only the Netherlands
reported a higher rate of total early stage entrepreneurial activity.
Emerging economies such as Brazil and China report rates of entrepreneurial activity that are
signi?cantly higher than OECD averages (Table B).
14
The TEA rate is less than the combined totals for nascent and new business owners. This is because, in circumstances where
respondents qualify as both a nascent entrepreneur and a new business owner, they are counted only once.
15
The number of new ?rms started in 2013 was approximately 15,200. See Section 2.11 for further details.
16
In some instances, this rate is less than the combined totals for nascent and new business owners. This is because, in circumstances
where respondents qualify as both a nascent entrepreneur and a new business owner, they are counted only once.
17
Closed a business in the previous 12 months and the business was discontinued.
18
Due to budgetary constraints on the part of its sponsors, Ireland did not participate in the GEM 2009 research cycle.
TABLE 2: ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND 2008 - 2013

Year Aspiring Nascent New Early stage Owner Entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs business entrepreneurs managers of discontinuing
owners (TEA)
16
established businesses
17

businesses
2013 14.7% 5.5% 3.8% 9.2% 7.5% 1.9%
2012 8.0% 3.9% 2.3% 6.1% 8.3% 1.2%
2011 8.5% 4.3% 3.1% 7.3% 8.0% 2.8%
2010 8.4% 4.4% 2.6% 6.8% 8.6% 1.2%
2009
18
- - - - - –-
2008 10.0% 3.3% 4.3% 7.6% 9.0% 1.8%
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2.7 OWNER MANAGERS OF ESTABLISHED BUSINESSES
Owner managers of established businesses are those that have set up businesses that they have
continued to own and manage and which have paid wages or salaries for more than 42 months. The
rate of established owner managers in Ireland is 7.5%, corresponding to over 218,000 people (Table
1). The rate of established owner managers in Ireland is now at its lowest rate since 2004 when it was
6.5%. The rate (7.5%), however, remains higher than the average across the OECD (6.6%), the EU-28
(6.4%), and EU-15 (6.6%) (Table B).
2.8 DISCONTINUED BUSINESSES AND EXITS
During the twelve month period July 2012 to June 2013, 1.9% of the population exited a business that
was discontinued, while 0.6% exited a business that was continued (Table D).
The rate of exit in 2013 where the business is discontinued or closed is slightly higher than the rate
reported in 2012 (1.2%) (Table 2). The rate of exit where the business was continued (0.6%) was on
a par with 2012 (0.5%).
When individuals exit from entrepreneurial activity, this may or may not result in the discontinuation of
the business.
19
Focussing on exits where the business is discontinued, the principal reason for exit is
a lack of proftability (59%). In 2012, lack of proftability was also the principal reason, though the rate
was much lower (42%).
The other reasons cited for exiting (where the business is discontinued) is as follows: ‘personal’
reasons (13%); found another job or business opportunity (13%); diffculties in getting fnance (10%)
and retirement (5%) (Table D).
Relative to other countries, Ireland has a rate of exit where the business is discontinued (1.9%) on par
with the average across the OECD (2.1%), EU-28 average (2%), and EU-15 (1.7%). In Ireland the rate
of exit where the business is continued (0.6%) is lower than the average across the OECD (0.9%),
EU-28 (0.9%) and EU-15 (0.7%).
Exits where the business is discontinued represent a higher percentage of all exits in Ireland (76%)
than the average across the OECD (66%), EU-28 (69%), and EU-15 (71%).
2.9 PROFILE OF IRISH ENTREPRENEURS
GEM provides data on the backgrounds of individuals engaging in entrepreneurial activity. These
measures separately refer to early stage entrepreneurs (that is, both nascent entrepreneurs and new
business owners) and to established owner managers.
In these paragraphs Irish early stage entrepreneurs are pro?led in terms of motivations for starting and
in terms of gender, age, education, income, and employment status. A pro?le of established owner
managers, in terms of gender, age, education, and income, follows. In Section 4 men and women
early stage entrepreneurs and established owner managers are pro?led in more detail.
Why start a new business?
Motivations for starting a business can be broadly classi?ed as opportunity driven or necessity driven
(no other options for employment). In Ireland, most entrepreneurs are driven by opportunity (81%)
(Table E). The high rate of necessity entrepreneurship frst noted in the 2010 report (31%) has declined
considerably in 2013 (19%), but is higher than in earlier years (6% in 2007).
Relative to other countries, the rate of necessity entrepreneurship in Ireland (19%) is lower than the
average across the OECD (21%) and EU-28 (24%) and is broadly similar to that across the EU-15 (18%).
19
Sometimes the business is closed with the departure of the owner manager. In other cases it is passed to others within families or
sold to others as a going concern.
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The prevalence of entrepreneurs being motivated by necessity is also lower in Ireland in 2013 than it is in
Spain (30%) or the United States (23%), but higher than in the United Kingdom (17%) and France (16%).
Who starts new businesses?
Gender: The likelihood that an individual engages in early stage entrepreneurial activity is
in?uenced by their gender.
20
Irish men are 1.9 times more likely than Irish women to be
an early stage entrepreneur. Rates of early stage entrepreneurs for males are 12.1%
and for women are 6.4%.
Age: The likelihood that an individual engages in early stage entrepreneurial activity is in?uenced
by their age (Table F). Rates of entrepreneurial activity within age cohorts are highest for
those aged between 35-44 years (12.6%); 25-34 (10.0%) and 45-54 (9.0%). Those aged
18-24 (7.6%) and those aged 55-64 (4.6%) are less likely to start new frms.
The age profle of Irish entrepreneurs is as follows: 10% are aged 18-24; 29% are
25-34; 33% are 35-44; 20% are 45-54; and 8% are 55-64.
Education: The likelihood that an individual engages in early stage entrepreneurial activity is
in?uenced by their level of education attainment (Table G). Rates of early stage
entrepreneurial activity are highest among those with post-secondary (9.2%) or
graduate education (12.1%), representing 70% of all early stage entrepreneurs.
Relative to other countries, Irish entrepreneurs are very well educated. The rate of all
early stage entrepreneurs with post- secondary education (70%) is signifcantly higher
than the OECD average (49%), the EU-28 average (47%) and the EU-15 average (49%).
In 2013, Ireland ranked third out of twenty-eight OECD countries behind Canada (75%)
and Korea (71%).
Work status: The likelihood that an individual engages in early stage entrepreneurial activity is in?uenced
by their employment status. Those in employment are almost four times as likely (3.7
times) as those that are unemployed to be early stage entrepreneurs (Table H).
Income: The likelihood that an individual engages in early stage entrepreneurial activity is
in?uenced by level of household income. Individuals from higher income households
(the highest 1/3rd and middle 1/3rd) are 1.5 times more likely to be early stage
entrepreneurs than individuals from lower income households (the lowest 1/3rd of
households) (Table H). This difference is on a par with the average across the OECD
(1.7 times) and EU-15 (1.6 times) averages, but is lower than the EU-28 average (2.1
times).
21
Owner Managers of established businesses
Gender: The likelihood that an individual is an established owner manager is in?uenced by their
gender. Irish men are more than three times as likely as Irish women to be an owner
manager of an established ?rm (3.1:1).
22
This is higher than the average across the
OECD (2.2:1), EU-28 (2.3:1) and EU-15 (2.3:1)
Age: The likelihood that an individual is an established owner manager is in?uenced by their
age (Table I). Rates of owner manager are highest for those aged between 45-54 years
(13.7%); 55-64 (12.2%) and 35-44 years (8.5%).

20
Please see Section 4 for more information on the gender issue and Table T in Section 6 for relevant comparisons across countries.
21
Highest 1/3rd of households.
22
Section 4 contains more information on the gender issue. Table T in Section 6 contains relevant comparisons across countries.
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Almost two out of three (63%) owner managers are aged 45-64. This is slightly higher
than the OECD average (59%), the EU-28 average (57%) and the EU-15 average (58%).
Education: The likelihood that an individual is an established owner manager is partly in?uenced
by their educational attainment. Rates are highest for those whose highest level of
educational attainment is graduate education (9.1%). The rate of owner managers with
some-secondary school as highest qualifcation is lower at 3.9%. Those with secondary
school as highest qualifcation is 7.9% and those with post-secondary education as
highest qualifcation is 6.3% (Table J).
Income: Over half (53%) of established owner managers are in high income households (the
highest 1/3rd of households) (Table J). An owner manager is 3.25 times more likely to
be in a high income household (the highest 1/3rd of households) than in a low income
household (the lowest 1/3rd of households). This difference is higher than the norm
across the OECD (2.5 times higher), EU-28 (3 times), and EU-15 (2.9 times).
2.10 ENTREPRENEURSHIP BY IMMIGRANTS
Early stage entrepreneurship is higher among immigrant groups (11%) than it is among the non-immigrant
population (8.8%) (Table K). This is the case in the other EU-15 countries, with the exception of Finland
and Italy. More specifcally, a higher percentage of immigrants (5.4%) have recently started a business in
Ireland, compared to the non-immigrant population (3.4%). More immigrant early stage entrepreneurs
are motivated by necessity (32%), than is the case for non-immigrant entrepreneurs (17%).
2.11 ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAMS
Most entrepreneurs start new businesses as part of a team (Table L). Start-up teams of entrepreneurs
in Ireland (2.1) are similar in size to those across the OECD, EU-28 and EU-15 (1.8). Among nascent
entrepreneurs in Ireland, the average start-up team of entrepreneurs is smaller (1.7) and is lower
than the average prevailing across the OECD, EU-28 and EU-15 (1.9). The average number of
owners is lower for owner managers of established businesses (1.6) and is signi?cantly lower than the
averages across the OECD (2.5), EU-28 (2.7) and EU-15 (3.5).
2.12 INFORMAL INVESTORS
Informal investors play a vital role in the development of new businesses. In Ireland in 2013, 3.4%
of adults reported having provided funds in the past three years (June 2010 to June 2013) to a new
business started by someone else. This rate was broadly similar to that reported in 2012 (3.7%).
Informal investment is more pervasive in the US (4.6%), across the OECD (4.6%) and the EU-28
(4.3%). The rate in Ireland is more on a par with the EU-15 average (3.3%) (Table M).
The great majority (90%) of the 33,000 individuals, who provided funds as informal investors in Ireland
in 2013, provided them to family, friends or work colleagues. Instances of providing investment to
entrepreneurs unknown to the investor were much less common (10%).
Almost three in every ten (28%) informal investors are involved in entrepreneurial activity, in that they
are active as an early stage entrepreneur, are an owner manager of an established business or have
closed down a business in the past year.
The average amount invested by individuals in Ireland (€18,700) during this period was signi?cantly
lower than in the US (€38,600) and lower than the average amount invested across the OECD
(€23,000), EU-28 (€21,600) and EU-15 (€24,100) (Table M).
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2.13 THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Although they are not in the majority, a number of entrepreneurs will have a disproportionate economic
impact due to their ability to exploit newer technologies, their degree of innovation, their greater export
orientation, their aspirations for growth and their expectation of being signi?cant employers.
The paragraphs that follow examine the new businesses of early stage entrepreneurs in relation to
each of these aspects.
Sector of Activity
GEM classi?es entrepreneurs into (i) high-tech, medium-tech, and low-tech sectors and (ii) into four
sectors of activities as follows:
- Consumer service sectors (including retail, motor, lodgings, restaurants, personal services, health,
education, recreation)
- Business service sectors (including ?nance, insurance, real estate, services to businesses)
- Transformative sectors (including construction, manufacturing, transport, wholesale, and utilities)
- Extractive sectors (including forestry and ?shing, mining and quarrying).
9% of early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland are in high or medium technology sectors. This is slightly
higher than the average across the OECD, EU-28, and EU-15 (7%) (Table N).
A focus on consumer service sectors accounts for the highest percentage of early stage entrepreneurs
(55%). This is greater than the proportion focused on business service (21%), transformative (22%), and
extractive sectors (2%). The proportion focused on the consumer service sectors is higher than 2012 (41%),
while the proportion of entrepreneurs engaged in business service sectors has declined (35% in 2012).
Innovativeness
GEM measures innovation in terms of three factors:
- Relative familiarity/degree of novelty of the product or service to the customer,
- The extent of competition, with ‘many competitors’ suggesting a mature or crowded market,
- The newness of the technology used by the business.
The perception of early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland of the three factors used by GEM to measure
innovation, relative to a range of other countries across the EU and OECD, are presented in Table O.
Looking at each of these measures in turn:
• Novelty of product or service: 27% of early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland believe that they
produce or will produce a product or service that is new to all customers. Relative to other countries,
Ireland’s early stage entrepreneurs are more innovative in this respect. Averages for the OECD
(17%), EU-28 (16%) and EU-15 (18%) are all signifcantly lower.
• Extent of Competition: 18% of early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland believe that they have, or will
have, no competitors, while 41% have, or expect to have, very few competitors. This compares to
OECD averages of 10% and 37%; EU-28 averages of 10% and 38%; and EU-15 averages of 11%
and 39% respectively.
• Newness of the technology: 10% of early stage entrepreneurs consider that they use the very
latest technology, while 19% use new technology (available in the last 1-5 years). This is on par with
other countries across the OECD (averages of 11% and 19%), EU-28 (averages of 13% and 20%)
and EU-15 (averages of 14% and 19%).
Early stage entrepreneurs tend to be more innovative than established owner managers. In Ireland
27% of early stage entrepreneurs consider that they offer a product or a service that is new to all
customers while only 10% of established owner managers have this perception. This rate (10%) is on
a par with average across the OECD (10%), EU-28 (9%) and the EU-15 (8%) (Table P).
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Two in every three established owner managers in Ireland believe that many other businesses offer
the same product or service as they do (63%). This rate of perception of having many competitors is
slightly lower in Ireland compared with averages across the OECD (66%), EU-28 (68%) and the EU-15
(66%). Fewer early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland have this perception (41%). As a result, a much
lower percentage (37%) of established owner managers perceive that they have few or no competitors
compared to the perception of early stage entrepreneurs (59%).
It is not a surprise to note that a higher percentage of early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland (10%) report
that they are using the very latest technology (less than one year) compared to established owner
managers (2%). The rate among established owner managers (2%) is lower than the average across
the OECD, EU-28 and EU-15 (4%, 6% and 4% respectively).
Growth Aspirations
An important impact of entrepreneurial activity is job creation. A signi?cant majority of early stage
entrepreneurs in Ireland expect to become employers (85%). This proportion is much higher than the
average across the OECD (71%), EU-28 (72%) and EU-15 (68%).
A signi?cant minority of early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland (22%) expect to have signi?cant jobs
growth (10 or more) within ?ve years (Table Q). This rate is slightly higher than the average across the
OECD (16%), EU-28 (17%) and EU-15 (13%).
Internationalisation
Nearly six in every ten Irish early stage entrepreneurs have, or expect to have, customers outside the
country (59%). This is similar to other countries. The average across the OECD is 61%, EU-28 is 64%,
and EU-15 is 55% (Table R).
53% of established owner manager entrepreneurs have customers outside the country. This is lower
than the OECD average (57%). Established owner managers are more reliant on the domestic market
and almost half of their customer base (47%) is located in Ireland (Table S).
2.14 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND WELL-BEING
GEM introduced a special topic to the research in the 2013 cycle relating entrepreneurship to measures
of well-being. GEM assessment involved the measurement of subjective well-being, de?ning it as the
satisfaction with one’s current work and work-life balance
23
.
Results for Ireland, as in other developed countries, indicate a higher sense of well-being among
early stage entrepreneurs and established owner managers than among other groups in the general
population.
2.15 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM
The GEM conceptual model emphasises nine entrepreneurship framework conditions (EFC) (Figure 2).
These nine entrepreneurship framework conditions exist as part of a broader model of the institutional
environment and its effect on entrepreneurship. The GEM model suggests that two sets of conditions—
basic requirements and ef?ciency enhancers—are foundation conditions that in?uence the way a
society functions and the well-being of its people (Figure 2). These have been adopted from the World
Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Competitiveness Report. They are general framework conditions that
effect economic activity more broadly, but they are critical to entrepreneurship because, without a solid
institutional foundation, the entrepreneurship-speci?c conditions cannot function effectively.
23
The GEM Consortium will publish a report dedicated to this topic in 2014.
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GEM national teams collect information on the nine entrepreneurship framework conditions through
a national expert survey of members of a key informant panel made up of experts and entrepreneurs.
The determinants of entrepreneurship are complex; the extent to which specifc variables can be tied to
the rate or pro?le of entrepreneurship in a particular economy is not well understood. The institutional
environment is critical to the study of entrepreneurship, however, because it creates conditions that
entrepreneurs must navigate and that policy makers can address. In the key informant survey the
experts and entrepreneurs questioned were asked to indicate their perception of the constraints and
positive factors that prevailed in Ireland in 2013. They were also asked for their recommendations as
to the manner in which the environment for entrepreneurship in Ireland could be further improved.
PERCEIVED CONSTRAINTS
Entrepreneurial ?nance: Dif?culties surrounding access and availability of ?nance was the framework
condition singled out most frequently as a constraint by the GEM experts and entrepreneurs consulted
in 2013, as it was in 2012.
24
Four out of every ?ve experts and entrepreneurs consulted by the GEM
team in 2013 highlighted dif?culties in respect of obtaining necessary ?nance, mentioning in particular
access to loan ?nance and credit facilities from the banks.
Those consulted recommended that more micro-?nance schemes be introduced and that more
State guarantees be given for bank ?nance for early stage entrepreneurs. A minority of experts and
entrepreneurs consulted indicated that Micro?nance Ireland was fostering entreprenurial activity.
25
FIGURE 2: THE GEM CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Entrepreneurship Profile
Attitudes:
Perceived opportunities &
capabilities; Fear of Failure;
Status of entrepreneurship
Activity:
Opportunity/Necessity-driven,
Early-stage; Inclusiveness;
Industry; Exits
Aspirations:
Growth, Innovation
International orientation
Social value creation
From GEM Adult
Population
Surveys (APS)
From GEM
Adult Population
Surveys (APS)
Established Firms
Employee
Entrepreneurial
Activity
Basic requirements
• Institutions
• Infrastructure
• Macroeconomic stability
• Health and primary
education
Efficiency enhancers
• Higher education & training
• Goods market efficiency
• Labor market efficiency
• Financial market
sophistication
• Technological readiness
• Market size
Innovation and
entrepreneurship
framework conditions
• Entrepreneurial finance
• Government policy
• Government
entrepreneurship programs
• Entrepreneurship education
• R&D transfer
• Internal market openness
• Physical infrastructure
for entrepreneurship
• Commercial, legal
infrastructure for
entrepreneurship
• Cultural and social norms
From other
available
sources
From GEM
National Expert
Surveys (NES)
Social,
Cultural,
Political
Context
Socio-
Economic
Development:
(Jobs, Innovation,
Social Value)
Source: Adapted from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report, José Ernesto Amorós and Niels Bosma, page 21.
24
Of the 36 strong panel 53% are entrepreneurs. The others are experts drawn from across academia, and from the public and private
sectors. All are well informed in this area and have considerable experience in dealing with entrepreneurs and their new ventures and /
or with the eco-system that impact on them.
25
The Microenterprise Loan Fund was launched on the 27th September 2012 by Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, Richard
Bruton TD.
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Government policy: One in three of the experts and entrepreneurs consulted felt that certain aspects
of Government policy were constraining entrepreneurial activity in Ireland. Many have indicated that
Government policy has made it even more risky for people to set up their own business. In particular
the lack of a social welfare safety net for owner managers, if the business failed, was highlighted.
Suggestions were made that support mechanisms should be put in place for entrepreneurs who
try but fail, so called “honest failures”. There were recommendations that entrepreneurs, who
become employers, should be given a taxation break (PRSI) in the early years after start-up. There
were suggestions that regulations be simpli?ed to make it easier to open a new business and that
the volume and burden of state regulation for small business be reduced. A general view was also
expressed that there is over-regulation in certain areas, particularly in relation to employment, and that
this should be addressed.
The prevailing economic climate was also perceived as constraining entrepreneurial activity.
Many noted that the recession has created a lack of business con?dence and depressed economic
activity with low demand for goods and services, as uncertainty in the economy means that spending
decisions are being postponed.
Capacity for entrepreneurship was mentioned by a number of the experts and entrepreneurs as a
constraint. A lack of con?dence among women was cited frequently.
PERCEIVED STRENGTHS
The support of Government and the development agencies, in particular Enterprise Ireland
(EI) and the City and County Enterprise Boards
26
were highlighted by the experts and entrepreneurs
consulted as a major strength for entrepreneurial activity in Ireland. Particular programmes that were
singled out for praise included EI’s HPSU supports, the supports available in the third level incubators,
accelerator programmes and Going for Growth, a support initative for female entrepreneurs. The
supports available from EI for exporters were considered a real strength. It was suggested that EI need
to promote the supports available to businesses that wish to become exporters, but that do not meet
the minimum criteria to qualify for HPSU status.
27

Role models and the media: Many of those consulted felt that there was a higher level of media
interest in entrepreneurship in 2013, most notably in relation to the “success stories” of start-ups.
Many of the experts and entrepreneurs consulted felt the media has contributed to a change in attitude
towards entrepreneurs. Many feel that the improved recognition of entrepreneurial success portrayed
by the media has awoken an entrepreneurial spirit in Ireland. This is considered a key strength in the
Irish ecosystem.
Education: Many of the experts and entrepreneurs consulted consider the education system as a
key strength. They noted that primary and secondary schools have fostered entrepreneurial ideas and
micro-businesses among students. School enterprise programmes such as the “Young Entrepreneur”
scheme run by the City and County Enterprise Boards was mentioned speci?cally as being of merit in
introducing students to entrepreneurial activity.
There was, however, a call for a greater emphasis on enterprise education at all educational levels
and to have entrepreneurship education embedded in all third level courses. It was felt that the early
education stage in particular, was imperative in supporting future entrepreneurial activity. Those
consulted felt that there was a need for further input of entrepreneurial education at the early stages to
ensure a greater nurturing of entrepreneurial mindsets in the future generation.
26
In April 2014 the City and County Enterprise Boards were replaced by a nationwide system of 31 Local Enterprise Of?ces (LEOs) as a
result of a restructuring of the system for the delivery of State supports to micro and small businesses. The LEOs are intended to be the
First Stop Shop for anyone seeking information and support on starting or growing a business in Ireland. An initiative of the Action Plan
for Jobs, the LEOs are committed to delivering an enhanced and more integrated support service for micro and small business in Ireland.
It is intended that the new LEOs will build on the achievements of the County and City Enterprise Boards.https://www.localenterprise.ie/
27
Employment of 10 or more and annual sales of 1million or more within 3 to 4 years of start up.
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SECTION 3
POLICY SPOTLIGHT ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Against a backdrop of a major unemployment crisis throughout Europe, there was particular attention
paid to this area in 2013 as policy makers in Ireland and the European Union increasingly turned their
attention to encouraging a higher rate of entrepreneurial activity, given the clear link between business
start-ups and employment creation.
This section references a number of new EU and Irish reports published in 2013 and 2014 that
have focussed on entrepreneurship. The reports are informed by data produced by the Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor.
Section 3.2 reviews the European Commission’s Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan
28
and The
Missing Entrepreneurs, Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship in Europe, a report produced by OECD
LEED and the European Commission.
29
Section 3.3 reviews two Irish reports, the Report of the
Entrepreneurship Policy Forum,
30
and the Irish Government’s latest Action Plan for Jobs.
31
All of the reports focus on the job creation potential of entrepreneurial activity. As there is a clear
recognition that those entrepreneurs who grow their businesses have the greatest economic impact,
the twin aims are that (i) of creating a greater number of entrepreneurs who will start more businesses
and (ii) for a greater percentage of these new businesses to grow substantially. Entrepreneurship as
a means of achieving greater social inclusion is also highlighted in the EU reports and in the Action
Plan for Jobs. All reach out to speci?c social groups, who are less involved in entrepreneurial activity,
including women and young people.
The reports recognise the importance of bringing about cultural change, so that the contribution
of entrepreneurs is more widely recognised and a greater number of individuals would consider
entrepreneurship as a good career choice. Similarly all recognise the importance of the education
system across all levels in nurturing entrepreneurial mind-sets and in producing enterprising individuals.
The creation of a supportive and integrated ecosystem, in which all the players complement and
reinforce each other in a coordinated manner, is particularly highlighted in the Irish reports.
The sections that follow brie?y outline these various policy reports.
3.2 A FOCUS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EUROPE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2020 ACTION PLAN, Reigniting the Entrepreneurial Spirit in Europe,
was published by the EU Commission in January 2013. It recognises that entrepreneurship is
a powerful driver of economic growth and job creation and a catalyst to making countries more
competitive and innovative.
Accordingly, underpinning the 2020 Action Plan is a recognition that Europe needs more entrepreneurs
and requires more of the new businesses that they establish to grow, as new enterprises that are
established in Europe, grow more slowly than is the case in the US or emerging countries and fewer
of the European ?rms join the ranks of the world’s largest ?rms.
28http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0795:FIN:ENDF
29http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asse...es/the-missing-entrepreneurs_9789264188167-en
30http://www.djei.ie/enterprise/smes/EntrepreneurshipForumReport2014.pdf
31http://www.djei.ie/publications/2014APJ.pdf
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It is recognised that not only is the environment challenging but the widespread culture does not
recognise or reward entrepreneurial endeavours suf?ciently for their contribution to job creation and
prosperity. To make entrepreneurship the growth engine of Europe’s economy, the 2020 Action Plan
recognises that a thorough, far reaching cultural change is needed.
The 2020 Action Plan is based on three pillars: (i) developing entrepreneurial education and training;
(ii) creating the right business environment; and (iii) role models and reaching out to specifc groups.
In terms of creating an environment where entrepreneurs can ?ourish and grow, the 2020 Action
Plan identi?es six key areas where action is needed to remove existing obstacles impeding business
creation and growth:
• Access to fnance
• Support for entrepreneurs in the crucial phases of the business lifecycle and their growth
• Unleashing new business opportunities in the digital age
• Transfers of businesses
• Bankruptcy procedures and second chance for honest entrepreneurs
• Regulatory burden reduction.
The 2020 Action Plan points out that Europe has a limited number of known entrepreneurial success
stories, as to date entrepreneurship has not been celebrated as a preferred career path. It advocates
a change in the perception of entrepreneurs through practical and positive communication about the
achievements of entrepreneurs, their value to society and the opportunities of new business creation
or acquisition as a career choice.
The 2020 Action Plan is also clear in recognising that some demographic groups have been
under-represented within the entrepreneurial population, in particular women, young people, seniors,
32

migrants, the unemployed and/or the disabled. It recommends that Europe has to open up suitable
paths for these social groups into entrepreneurship in greater numbers than has been the case to date
in order to create employment for them, to empower them economically and socially, and to leverage
their creative and innovative capacities.
33
THE MISSING ENTREPRENEURS, Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship in Europe was
jointly published by the OECD LEED and the European Commission in December 2013. The purpose
behind this report, the ?rst in a series of three annual reports, is a search for policy initiatives to tackle
Europe’s unemployment crisis and a recognition that a greater nurturing of entrepreneurship among
certain under-represented groups, namely women, young people, seniors, migrants, people with
disabilities and the unemployed, may positively contribute to growth and greater social inclusion.
34
It recognises that each of the speci?ed social groups faces different barriers and that policy measures
should be introduced by governments and agencies at national, regional and local levels to help these
groups to overcome the particular barriers that they face.
It is suggested that a policy for supporting inclusive entrepreneurship among these groups should
include building a supportive institutional environment; improving entrepreneurship skills; facilitating
access to fnance; and improving policy delivery, including using members of the target group in the
delivery of the support.
Three programmes from Ireland are cited in the report as exemplars for different target groups:
• Senior Enterprise is put forward as a good practice particularly for the manner in which it uses
role models to raise awareness and to diffuse relevant information about the potential of those
aged 50+ to engage with enterprise in a variety of ways.
35
32
Speci?c reference is made to Senior Enterprise, an initiative which was led by the Mid-East Regional Authority in Ireland: Besides
their potential as entrepreneurs... Europe could take inspiration from programmes such as ‘Senior Enterprise’ (Ireland)... encouraging
motivated seniors to serve as voluntary mentors, potential buyers of or investors in businesses, page 24.
33
These points are further developed in The Missing Entrepreneurshttp://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/industry-
and-services/the-missing-entrepreneurs_9789264188167-en
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The Missing Entrepreneurs emphasises the importance of self-employment among the target social groups, as a means to greater social inclusion.
35
Fostering Senior Entrepreneurship, Ireland, Box 6.7, page 103. For more information please refer to www.seniorenterprise.ie
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• EMERGE, directed at ethnic minority entrepreneurs, recognises that the challenge with this
social group is not the lack of an entrepreneurial spirit but rather with the level of pro?tability and
the growth performance of many of the businesses they create. This initiative is recognised for
the manner in which it addresses these problems through a best practise training programme,
networking strategy and improved connections to mainstream business services providers.
36
• Going for Growth is described as an inspiring practice. Considerations for the success of the
initiative include the manner in which it is led and championed by the private sector and supported
by the public sector; the continual focus on personal and business development which supports
both the entrepreneur and her business to achieve their goals; the calibre of the volunteer Lead
Entrepreneurs; the fact that the groups are composed exclusively of women, which contributes to
a full engagement by the participants; and the relatively low cost of running the initiative, which is
achieved through leveraging the voluntary contribution of successful entrepreneurs.
37
The Report recommends that appropriate policies and actions need to ensure that the support available
is visible to the various groups, is tailored to their particular needs and is provided in a language that
they are comfortable with, while at the same time offering bridges to mainstream support.
OECD LEED, working on behalf of the EU Commission (DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion),
has published a series of policy briefs which complement this report.
38
3.3 A FOCUS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRELAND, Strengthening the Start-up Community: The Report of
the Entrepreneurship Forum, under the chairmanship of Sean O’Sullivan, was published in January
2014. The Forum was established in May 2013 to advise the Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and
Innovation on policy in the area of entrepreneurship and to draft appropriate policy conclusions and
recommendations which would support business start-ups, sustainable growth and long term job
creation. The stated purpose of the Forum’s Report is to support the Government’s development of a
National Entrepreneurship Policy Statement.
The Forum Report focuses on entrepreneurship and growth and not on self-employment.
39

The emphasis of this Report is on leadership by a strong self-reliant entrepreneurial community
characterised by peer support, with Government the facilitator of a supportive ecosystem.
The Forum focused on the means of creating an entrepreneurial culture and supportive ecosystem
which would result in more and stronger new businesses being started and greater entrepreneurial
activity by all groups within the country, including under-represented groups.
Members of the Forum started with the conviction that growing the number of entrepreneurs and
start-ups is a national priority, given their importance as a fundamental driving force of the economy.
The members were concerned that the pipeline of entrepreneurs starting new businesses in Ireland is
too small and had fallen in recent years.
The Forum identi?ed six distinct goals of a successful entrepreneurship policy:
• Strengthen the start-up community in Ireland
• Increase the pipeline of entrepreneurs
• Energise job creation
• Continue the growth of the indigenous export sector
• Capitalise on Ireland’s strengths in growth industries
• Use under-employed resources.
36
EMERGE, Ireland Box 7.8, page 125. For more information please refer tohttp://www.partas.ie/EUProjects/EMERGE.aspx
37
Ireland: Going for Growth, page 210. For more information please refer to www.goingforgrowth.com
38
These include Youth Entrepreneurship; Senior Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Evaluation of Inclusive Entrepreneurship
Programmes, Financing Inclusive Entrepreneurship; and Entrepreneurship among People with Disabilities (forthcoming)http://www.
oecd.org/employment/leed/policy-briefs.htm
39
The Forum Report excludes self-employment from its de?nition of an entrepreneur – “Entrepreneurship is more than an individual selling his
time or expertise. Entrepreneurs attempt to develop new enterprises: corporate entities which normally employ staff and grow.” (Page 12)
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The key principles that guided the Forum’s recommendations included a belief that entrepreneurship in
Ireland starts with a culture of engaged citizenship; that entrepreneurs should be strong and self-reliant
looking more towards their peers and less to government supports to achieve their goals; and that the
Irish Government’s role is that of facilitator, not leader.
40
The Forum identi?ed six mutually reinforcing pillars of an effective start-up ecosystem, in order to
achieve the entrepreneurship policy goals.
• Pillar 1: Innovative ‘can-do’ culture: Speci?c recommendations are (i) entrepreneurship should
be promoted as an Irish cultural value and children should be inspired from a young age; (ii)
an articulated entrepreneurship education policy/strategy that covers all levels of the education
system is needed; and (iii) there should be encouragement for under-represented groups such
as the unemployed, females, young people, immigrants and seniors, to become more involved in
entrepreneurial activity.
• Pillar 2: Mentorship & peer learning: The Forum recommends that the emphasis should be on
peer mentoring based on entrepreneurs supporting and helping each other in a voluntary capacity.
• Pillar 3: Vibrant hotspots of activity: The Forum argues that the main impetus here should
come from the entrepreneurs themselves to form strong entrepreneurial communities of like-minded
individuals to facilitate networking and connections. The Forum considers that greater numbers of
accelerators and co-working spaces would further facilitate shared learning and the development
of new businesses. Recommendations are also made about how to bring about closer working
relationships and concrete joint actions between academia and industry.
• Pillar 4: Access to talent: Recognising that talented people are a key enabler for businesses,
recommendations relating to helping start-ups to attract and reward talent include improvements
to existing schemes for share remuneration of employees and for work placements, together with a
reform of immigration regulations to make it easier for foreign entrepreneurs to set up businesses in
Ireland.
• Pillar 5: Access to fnance: Speci?c recommendations are made with a view to (i) increasing
equity investment in start-ups through fscal incentives; (ii) improving access to credit, including
peer to peer lending; and (iii) encouraging timely payment of invoices through the establishment of
a Prompt Payments Voluntary Code of Conduct.
• Pillar 6: Public policy: Issues raised in the Forum Report include the challenge of coordinating
and integrating different Government policies affecting entrepreneurship. The Forum recommends
the clear assignment of responsibility for the overall coordination and management of a national
entrepreneurship policy. The Forum also recommends that the effectiveness of entrepreneurship
policy should be monitored through the analysis of up-to-date, relevant performance data from
a variety of sources and the collation of appropriate metrics; that access to relevant information
about start-up programme supports should be made easier through a single website; compliance
requirements, including taxation, should also be simplifed and made more accessible; and that
speci?c changes should be made to the taxation and social welfare codes.
The members of the Forum welcomed the strong focus that was placed on entrepreneurship policy
in 2013 and wished to see this as the beginning of a permanent and ongoing commitment to
entrepreneurship, rather than a once off prioritisation.
ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 2014 was published by the Irish Government in February 2014. The
Irish Government placed particular importance on entrepreneurship in the latest Action Plan for Jobs
as entrepreneurs and their new businesses are considered to have a key role in job creation. While
recognising that innovative, export oriented businesses, which achieve growth, contribute most to the
economy, the Action Plan for Jobs emphasises that all entrepreneurial activity makes a contribution.
40
The Forum recognises that the State has a role in creating a supportive ecosystem by developing supportive tax, ?nancing, and
immigration policies, providing accessible and reliable information, and aligning existing education and social welfare supports so that
they are conducive to entrepreneurial development.
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Action Plan for Jobs was the third in a series published annually as a key component to the
Government’s response to the unemployment crisis and its speci?c ambition to have 100,000 more
people at work by 2016. The Government in recognising that it is enterprise and not government that
creates jobs, has set out an objective to create a positive environment to support business start-ups
and growth, drive exports and facilitate job creation and retention by the private sector.
In the latest Action Plan for Jobs there is a particular focus on entrepreneurship as one of three new
Disruptive Reforms to be introduced in the current year. The stated ambition is for Ireland to be among
the most entrepreneurial nations in the world and acknowledged as a world class environment in which
to start and grow a business. This ambition is based on a recognition of the role that entrepreneurs
play in employment creation and wealth generation. The aim is to build the pipeline of entrepreneurs,
enhance entrepreneurial capability and create the right conditions for entrepreneurship.
The Government’s aim is to create an ecosystem throughout the country that will engage, inspire
and connect entrepreneurs, while strengthening the linkages and supporting mechanisms for further
cooperation and entrepreneurial empowerment. To this end a network of 31 Local Enterprise Of?ces
(LEOs) has been established across the country as a ?rst stop shop providing ?nancial and other
supports. The LEOs have also been charged with promoting entrepreneurial activity at local level
among school goers and other target social groups such as females, young people and graduates.
The Action Plan for Jobs recognises that a strong ecosystem for entrepreneurs must encompass an
innovative can-do culture, active mentoring and peer learning and access to a talented and educated
workforce. The importance of responsive public policies, including ?scal policy, is also acknowledged
and a commitment given to review speci?c tax incentives currently provided, including the Seed
Capital Scheme and the Employment and Investment Incentive Scheme, to ensure that they are ?t
for purpose.
The Action Plan for Jobs recognises that a small number of entrepreneurs will have a disproportionate
positive economic impact, due to their ability to exploit new technologies, their degree of innovation,
their export orientation and their growth aspiration. Notwithstanding all types of entrepreneurship are
perceived as critical to the health of the Irish economy. The Government is committed to publishing a
National Entrepreneurship Policy Statement later in the year.
Monitoring is an integral part of the proposed actions. Tracking will take place of the number of
start-ups supported by Enterprise Ireland and the Local Enterprise Offces; the employment created
and sustained by these start-ups; and the proportion of the start-ups being created by women and
young people.
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
There has been an increased spotlight on the relatively untapped potential of women as entrepreneurs
for several years now at European and at national level and several initiatives have been implemented
to encourage a higher involvement of women as entrepreneurs. Re?ecting this policy priority,
successive GEM reports have reported on the relative engagement of men and women in Ireland as
entrepreneurs.

This year we report not only on the rate of total early stage entrepreneurial activity among men and
women, but analyse this further in terms of those who have recently set up new businesses and those
who are nascent entrepreneurs. In each case, we look at the trend since 2010.
We also look to the future and examine some indicators from GEM and the CSO that might indicate
whether it is likely that women will further increase their involvement in entrepreneurship in the years
ahead.
We report on the type and impact of the new businesses, noting the impact of gender on these.
Finally we take a gender perspective in examining the rates of established owner managers, of
entrepreneurs who are closing their business and of those within the general population that are
informally investing in businesses being started by others.
4.2 MALE AND FEMALE EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS IN IRELAND
Total Early Stage Entrepreneurs
In 2013 the rate of total early stage entrepreneurial activity increased signifcantly in Ireland from 6.1%
in 2012 to 9.2%. This was the highest rate of early stage entrepreneurs recorded for Ireland since
2005. The increased rate was particularly marked among men (12.1% from 8.3% in 2012) but there
was also a signifcant increase among women (6.4% from 4% in 2012) (Table 3).
The rate at which men are engaging as early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland (12.1%) is ahead of the
average across the OECD (10.9%), EU-28 (10.4%) and EU-15 (8.4%). The highest rate across Europe
among men is in Eastern Europe, particularly in Lithuania (17.5%), Estonia (17%) and Latvia (16.6%).
Within the EU-15, the rate of early stage entrepreneurial activity among men ranks Ireland in highest
place, just ahead of the Netherlands (11.7%) (Table T).
The rate of early stage entrepreneurial activity among women in Ireland in 2013 (6.4%) is now similar
to that pertaining across the OECD (6.3%) and is well ahead of the average rate across the EU-28
(5.6%) and EU-15 (4.6%).
This increased rate has resulted in a further narrowing of the ratio of men to women early stage
entrepreneurs and brings Ireland (1.9:1) into line with the average across the EU-28 (1.9:1) and
EU-15 (1.8:1). The average across the OECD (1.7:1) demonstrates a relatively higher participation
by women relative to men in entrepreneurial activities.
The high rate of engagement of women as well as men in early stage entrepreneurial activity in the
US (15.1% and 10.4%) and Canada (14.5% and 9.9%) results in a ratio of men to women early stage
entrepreneurs which is even lower (1.5:1) (Table T).
SECTION 4
A GENDER PERSPECTIVE
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New Business Owners
Until recently, there were about two and half times as many men as women who had recently set up
a new business in Ireland. This ratio has narrowed considerably.
The ratio between men and women who are owners of new businesses is now just 1.4:1. This is
particularly good news, as the ratio did not narrow because fewer men were starting businesses,
as it had in 2012. Quite the reverse as GEM research indicates that men as well as women have
substantially increased the rate at which they are starting a new business (Table 4).
There are now about 13,450 women starting new businesses in Ireland every year. That is the equivalent
to over 1,100 women starting a new business in the country every month. This is the highest level for
the 2010 to 2013 period. This represents 3.2% of women in Ireland aged 18-64 and is virtually double
the rate of each of the previous three years (Table 4).
In 2013, men also signifcantly increased the rate at which they were starting a new business: 4.5%,
up from 2.8% in 2012. This is the equivalent of approximately 18,400 men starting new businesses in
Ireland in a single year, about 1,500 a month.
If women were to start new businesses in Ireland at the same rate as men, there would be more than
5,000 more individuals setting up new businesses in Ireland each year.
Nascent Entrepreneurs
In 2013 both men and women increased the rate at which they were active as nascent entrepreneurs.
The rate for both men (8%) and women (3.2%) is higher than it was for the previous three years.
There is a particularly marked increase among male nascent entrepreneurs, up from 5.6% in 2012.
The gender difference is very signi?cant with two and a half times as many men as women active as
nascent entrepreneurs. This ratio has not changed in recent years (Table 5).
TABLE 3: EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS BY GENDER 2010-2013

Year Early stage Early stage Men:Women
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs (Early stage
MEN WOMEN entrepreneurs)
Percentage of male Percentage of female Rate as
adult population adult population a ratio
2013 12.1 6.4 1.9 : 1
2012 8.3 4.0 2.1 : 1
2011 10.3 4.2 2.5 : 1
2010 9.5 3.9 2.4 : 2
TABLE 4: NEW BUSINESS OWNERS BY GENDER 2010-2013

Year New business New business Men:Women
owners owners (New business
MEN WOMEN owners)
Percentage of male Percentage of female Rate as
adult population adult population a ratio
2013 4.5 3.2 1.4 : 1
2012 2.8 1.8 1.6 : 1
2011 4.6 1.6 2.8 : 1
2010 3.6 1.5 2.5 : 1
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4.3 PERSONAL CONTEXT
Certain factors in the personal context of individuals correlate strongly with entrepreneurial activity
and suggest that individuals with these characteristics are more likely to be entrepreneurs than others
in the population. They are alert to opportunities in their environment, believe that they have the
knowledge and skills to successfully start and run a new business, are less susceptible to be inhibited
by fear of failure and have entrepreneurial role models. As is the case internationally, men in Ireland
continue to possess these characteristics to a much greater extent than do women (Table U).
The perception of opportunities to start a new business increased to 28% among the general
population in Ireland in 2013. This was the case for men (35% in 2013, up from 28% the previous
year) but remained the same among women (23%). The increase for men brought the perception
of opportunities in Ireland more into line with the rates prevailing for men across the OECD, EU-27,
and EU-15.
41
Self- perception of entrepreneurial capabilities remained at broadly the same rates among men
(53%) and women (33%) in 2013 as in the previous year. This represents the area of most pronounced
difference between men and women across all the personal context indicators, with just one in three
women having a positive view of her entrepreneurial capabilities. The difference in con?dence levels
between men and women is not unique to Ireland, however. The rates in Ireland are very similar to
those prevailing across the OECD, EU-28 and EU-15, where a similar difference may be observed.
42

A signi?cant difference between men and women in this respect is even evident in those countries
that the World Economic Forum ranks as having the narrowest gender gap – Finland (39%, 27%),
Norway (46%, 22%) and Sweden (47%, 31%)
43
. The United States, while reporting higher levels of
self-con?dence for both men and women than these other countries, is no different in the signi?cant
difference between men and women in this respect (63%, 48%).
Fear of failure as a deterrent inhibiting entrepreneurial behaviour continues to be slightly more
prevalent among women in the general population (49%) than it is among men (42%) in 2013 and its
rate has increased slightly among both men and women in Ireland compared to the previous year
(46% and 37% respectively). The current levels are broadly similar to those occurring across the
OECD, EU-28 and EU-15.
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Entrepreneurial role models are considered to positively dispose an individual to entrepreneurial
behaviour. In Ireland men report knowing someone who had recently started a new business more
frequently than do women (35% compared to 28%).The rates are lower than in 2012 (44% and 31%)
and are broadly similar to those pertaining across the OECD, EU-28 and EU-15.
45
TABLE 5: NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS BY GENDER 2010-2013

Year Nascent Nascent Men:Women
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs (Nascent
MEN WOMEN entrepreneurs)
Percentage of male Percentage of female Rate as
adult population adult population a ratio
2013 8.0 3.2 2.5 : 1
2012 5.6 2.5 2.5 : 1
2011 5.9 2.6 2.3 : 1
2010 6.2 2.5 2.5 : 1
41
The rate of perception of opportunities for an entrepreneurial venture among men across the OECD (37%), EU-28 (31%), and EU-15
(34%) is broadly similar to Ireland (34%) in 2013. The rate among women across the OECD (31%), EU-28 (26%), and EU-15 (27%) is
higher than Ireland (23%) in 2013.
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The rate at which men and women indicate self-con?dence in entrepreneurial skills across the OECD (51%, 33%) EU-28 (51%, 34%)
and EU-15 (48%, 32%) is broadly similar to Ireland (53%, 33%) in 2013.
43
Iceland, which has the highest rank in this respect, was not included in the GEM 2013 research cycle and accordingly comparative
?gures are not available.
44
The rate at which men and women indicate fear of failure as an inhibitor to start-up is broadly similar in Ireland (42%, 49%) as it is across
the OECD (41%, 49%), EU-28 (42%, 52%) and EU-15 (44%, 52%) in 2013.
45
The rate at which men and women report knowing someone who recently set up a new business is broadly similar in Ireland (35%, 28%)
as it is across the OECD (36%, 29%), EU-28 (34%, 28%), and EU-15 (33%, 27%) in 2013.
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4.4 FUTURE ENTREPRENEURS
Aspiring Entrepreneurs
The prevalence of those who express an expectation that they will start a business in the next three
years signifcantly increased among the general population in Ireland in 2013 (14.7% compared to 8%
in 2012). The rate is particularly high among men (20.4%) and is over twice the rate among women
(9.2%). The percentage of women clearly stating their intention to become an entrepreneur has more
than doubled in the last year, however (4% to 9.2%) (Table 6).
Level of education as an indicator
Early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland are very well educated. This is true of both men and women, with
the great majority educated beyond secondary school level (70% and 76% respectively) (Table 7).
The number of individuals in the general population with a third level quali?cation has increased
signi?cantly in recent years.
46
This is particularly the case among certain age groups (25-34 and
35-44). The number of highly educated women in the population has increased at an even higher rate
than for men in recent years. Both trends look likely to continue. As the proportion of highly educated
women increases, it is likely that the rate of early stage entrepreneurial activity among women will also
increase.
Age as an indicator
The average age of an early stage entrepreneur in Ireland is broadly similar for men (39 years) and
women (36 years).
The latest census (2011) indicates that the percentage of the population in the most entrepreneurial
age group (35-44), and that immediately preceding it, has increased over the previous ten years.
This is true for both men and women
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and would suggest that there is a good feedstock of future
entrepreneurs in the most entrepreneurial age groups.
TABLE 6: ASPIRING ENTREPRENEURS BY GENDER 2010-2013

Year Aspiring Aspiring Men:Women
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs (Aspiring
MEN WOMEN entrepreneurs)
Percentage of male Percentage of female Rate as
adult population adult population a ratio
2013 20.4 9.2 2.2 : 1
2012 12.0 4.0 3.0 : 1
2011 11.9 4.9 3.0 : 1
2010 11.6 5.2 2.3 : 1
46
From the Census 2011 results, the CSO demonstrates that in April 2011 younger people were signi?cantly better educated than their
older counterparts, with almost 43 per cent of people aged 20 to 39 possessing a third level quali?cation, compared with only 13 per
cent of those aged 65 and over. The educational attainment of people aged 15 and over improved signi?cantly over the twenty years
from 1991 to 2011 with the greatest gains in the numbers of those with a third level quali?cation, rising from just 14 per cent in 1991
to 31 per cent by 2011. In general, females were better educated than males in April 2011. One third of females aged 15 and over had
a third level quali?cation, compared with only 27 per cent of males. Of the total number of graduates (739,992) in April 2011, 413,257
(56%) were women while 326,735 (44%) were men.
http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011pro?le9/Pro?le,9,What,we,know,full,doc,for,web.pdf
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The percentage of population aged 35-44 years increased from 14.37% in 2002 to 15.15% in 2011 and the percentage aged 25-34
years increased from 15.7% to 16.46% over this same time period.
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Labour force participation as an indicator
The labour force participation rates for men are 66.9% and for women are 52.4% with women making
up 44.9% of the total labour force.
48
The participation rate of women is increasing slowly and has
increased over the last ten years from 49.8% in 2004 to 52.4% in 2013.
The differences in the rates of labour force participation may be expected to have a bearing on the
rate of entrepreneurial activity between men and women as the rate of early stage entrepreneurship is
a percentage of the population and not of the labour force.
Participation rates for men are highest in the 35-44 age group (92%) and 45-54 age group (91.2%).
For women the highest participation rate occurs in the 25-34 age group, (73%) and 35-44 age group
(72.4%). In the most entrepreneurial age group for men and women (35-44 age group), a lower
proportion of the labour force in this age group comprise women (43.9% compared to 56.1% of men).
Women are increasing their participation in the labour force in this age group, however, from 65.8% in
2004 to 72.4% and the indications are that this trend will continue.
4.5 NEW BUSINESS SECTORS AND START-UP LOCATIONS
While consumer orientated businesses are a major focus for early stage entrepreneurs in Ireland,
regardless of gender, more female (67%) than male entrepreneurs (48%) are engaged in businesses
of this nature. This sector has been increasing in importance for both men and women since 2011.
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More than a quarter of early stage male entrepreneurs (29%) are active in the transforming sector,
which is predominantly manufacturing and construction. This sector is of much less interest to women
entrepreneurs (10%) (Table 7).
There is no difference in the location in which new businesses are being set up between men and
women, with 50% of early stage entrepreneurs running or intending to run their new business from
separate premises and 40% initially starting their new business from home.
4.6 IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
The economic impact of entrepreneurial activity is underpinned by the creation of employment and
increased export sales.
The propensity of entrepreneurs to create jobs is particularly important at a time of high unemployment.
The majority of those setting up new businesses expect to become employers (85%). This is true for
both men (87%) and women (78%). The great majority, however, do not expect to grow their new
business beyond a micro business. A small proportion is more ambitious. Those that achieve growth
will have a disproportionate impact on the economy, in terms of employment creation and other value
added bene?ts.
While having ambitions for growth is not the same as achieving growth, it is a good starting point. GEM
research in 2013 indicates that male entrepreneurs are more ambitious for their new business, with
27% expecting to create at least 10 jobs within 5 years, compared to 12% of female entrepreneurs.
Similarly 15% of male entrepreneurs expect to create 20 jobs within this period, compared to just 6%
of female entrepreneurs. Accordingly, the ratio between men and women starting new businesses
with signi?cant growth potential is far wider than ratios relating to early stage entrepreneurial activity
would suggest.
The majority of early stage male entrepreneurs expect to have some customers in overseas markets
(68%) and a sizable proportion (17%) expects to have between 75% and 100% of their customers
overseas. A greater proportion of female entrepreneurs are exclusively focused on the Irish market
(58% compared to 32% of men) (Table 7).
48
Labour force participation rate (ILO) by age group, 2013 from the Statistical Yearbook of Ireland, Source: CSO
49
The rate at which early stage male and female entrepreneurs were engaged in consumer service sector businesses was 30% and 51%
respectively in 2011 and 33% and 57% in 2012.
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TABLE 7: COMPARISON OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS BY GENDER
MEN WOMEN
Percentage Percentage of
of all male all female
early stage early stage
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs
EDUCATION
Primary and/or some secondary 13% 6%
Secondary school 17% 18%
Post-secondary 49% 62%
Graduate education 21% 14%

SECTOR OF ACTIVITY
Extractive 1% 5%
Transforming 29% 10%
Business Service Sectors 22% 18%
Customer Service Sectors 48% 67%

CUSTOMERS IN OVERSEAS MARKETS
None 32% 58%
1% to 24% 40% 22%
25% to 74% 11% 13%
75% to 100% 17% 7%

GROWTH EXPECTATIONS
At least 10 jobs within 5 years 27% 12%
At least 20 jobs within 5 years 15% 6%
4.7 OWNER MANAGERS OF ESTABLISHED BUSINESSES
The rate of owner managers of established businesses among the general population is relatively high
in Ireland (7.5%),
50
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51

The rate among men has remained more or less constant since 2010 (Table 8). The rate of established
owner managers among men in Ireland (11.4%) is signifcantly higher than the rates for men across
the OECD (9.1%), EU-28 (8.8%) and EU-15 (9.1).
The rate of established owner managers among women in Ireland, however, declined in 2013. The
current rate (3.6%) is slightly lower than the rate across the OECD (4.2%), EU-28 (3.9%) and EU-15
(4.0%).
The decline in the rate of established owner managers among women in Ireland, at the same time
as the rate among men has remained more or less constant, has resulted in a widening of the ratio
between men and women established business owners (3.1:1). This difference is higher than that
across the OECD (2.2:1), EU-28 and EU-15 (both 2.3:1).
50
The rate of owner managers of established business among the general population across the OECD (7.0%), EU-28 (6.4%) and EU-15
(6.6%) are slightly lower than in Ireland (7.5%) in 2013.
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The rate in 2008 was 9%.
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4.8 DISCONTINUED BUSINESSES
In the year to June 2013, 1.9% of the population exited a business that they had previously owned
and the business closed. A higher proportion of those closing businesses were men (2.5% compared
to 1.2% for women).
4.9 BUSINESS ANGELS
In 2013 men were more involved as informal investors in Ireland in a business started by someone else
than were women (66% compared to 34%).
TABLE 8: OWNER MANAGERS OF ESTABLISHED BUSINESSES BY GENDER 2010-2013

Year Established Established Men:Women
owner managers owner managers (established
MEN WOMEN owner managers)
Percentage of male Percentage of female Rate as
adult population adult population a ratio
2013 11.4 3.6 3.1 : 1
2012 11.8 4.7 2.5 : 1
2011 10.9 5.0 2.2 : 1
2010 11.8 5.2 2.3 : 1
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For many years the annual GEM report for Ireland has contained pro?les of recent entrepreneurs. The
reasoning behind this was to emphasise the point that entrepreneurs are people and not statistics.
While this point may seem self-evident, in a report which examines entrepreneurship in terms of
numbers and statistics, we believed that it was important to make this point.
These entrepreneurs were focused on a variety of sectors and had different motivations for starting
a business. Some were focused primarily on serving the local market; others were more focused
on export markets. Some were primarily creating a job for themselves; others expected to grow
substantially.
The policy spotlight is increasingly being put on entrepreneurs, particularly those who are focused on
growth and expect to become signi?cant employers, as their contribution to employment creation
is now well recognised. With this in mind, in selecting entrepreneurs to pro?le, we decided on this
occasion to focus particularly on those who have recently started new businesses with a strong focus
on growth.
What characterises these entrepreneurs is innovation, whether it is in high growth sectors or in more
traditional areas. Much of the media attention in sectors such as software and medical devices is
on foreign ?rms located in Ireland. These pro?les illustrate that Irish entrepreneurs are also ?nding
opportunities in these high growth markets as well as in more traditional sectors.
Setting up a new business is not easy. Besides passion and a vision, these pro?les show the importance
of strong management and businesses experience.
Some of those pro?led are serial entrepreneurs. Previous GEM research suggests that one in four of
those setting up new businesses are serial entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs have drawn on their
previous experience of starting a business to assist in their current venture. One of these is John
Hughes, Insulcheck: “Once you successfully start-up, you are constantly facing obstacles as you
plan to grow and expand. Having been there before, I feel I have an advantage. I’m looking forward
to facing the challenges.”
Others, who are ?rst time entrepreneurs, are drawing on their commercial and senior management
experience. For example, Theresa Keady’s previous role enabled her to build on her experience in
parking equipment and adapt this to the newly emerging market for electric charging stations. While
Leonora O’Brien’s experience in the pharmacy sector gave her insights into an opportunity to prevent
errors and medication related incidents by bringing pharmacists into the digital age.
The entrepreneurs are all characterised by a willingness to seek support from others. This may be from
an accelerator programme, like that for example in Nova UCD, the National Digital Research Centre,
and Wayera, or from Enterprise Ireland and the other development agencies.
None underestimate the challenges involved. According to Pat Phelan: “It can be an emotional and
physical rollercoaster. The high points are high but the low points are equally low. You have to be
incredibly focused on delivery. Being an entrepreneur is not for dreamers or thinkers: it’s for doers!”
The pages which follow contain pro?les of eight entrepreneurs, who have recently set up new
businesses in Ireland. The entrepreneurs featured are as follows:
• Barbara Anne Murphy • John Hughes • Leonora O’Brien • Marjorie O’Malley
• Pat O’Neill • Pat Phelan • Patrick Rigney • Theresa Keady
SECTION 5
PROFILES OF RECENT ENTREPRENEURS
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BARBARA ANNE MURPHY, Equilume
Equine technology company, Equilume was founded by Dr. Barbara Murphy as a result of her ground
breaking research carried out in University College Dublin. As Head of the Animal Science Equine
programme, Barbara has been involved in researching the impact of circadian rhythms on reproduction
in horses since the early 2000s. “Horses are naturally ‘long-day’ seasonal breeders and daylight is a
primary regulator of reproduction in horses. As days start to get longer in spring, the inhibitory action
of the hormone melatonin on a mare’s reproduction activity is reduced and mares come into season.”
The universal birthday for a thoroughbred foal (born in the northern hemisphere) is January 1
st
,
contrasting with the natural foaling season of May to October. This crucial industry wide date creates
a demand for thoroughbred breeders to advance their mares’ breeding season to produce early foals,
to ensure mature yearlings for sales and precocious two-year olds for racing.
For decades, thoroughbred breeders have known about the importance of light on a mare’s
reproduction cycle. In order to fool a mare’s reproductive system into activating early, many breeders
currently maintain, at a signi?cant cost, their non-pregnant mares indoors, under arti?cial lighting for 8
to 10 weeks before breeding begins.
Studying the effect of light on the reproductive system in 2011, Barbara discovered that using a
headpiece that shines a blue light into just one of the mare’s eyes for three months produced the same
result as keeping the mare under stable lights for the same period.
In collaboration with the Professor of Optical Engineering, John Sheridan, Barbara developed
a prototype light mask and tested it. “We created the Equilume Light Mask to provide a safe and
cost-effective method of administering an automated, low-level light to a single eye of a mare. It has
been designed and tested to deliver suf?cient light stimulus to inhibit melatonin production in the mare
and brings the breeding season of mares forward to meet industry timelines.”
The Equilume Light masks are manufactured to ?t comfortably under a horse’s head collar. By using
the innovative mobile device, thoroughbred breeders eliminate the need to keep their non-pregnant
mares indoors under arti?cial lighting and could save at least €1,000 per mare per season. “An
important advantage of the Equilume Light Mask is that it also allows horses to be horses, and live
outdoors in their natural environment where they are happier and healthier.”
In 2011, Barbara became a participant on the NovaUCD Campus Company Development Programme.
This Programme assists UCD researchers in bringing their innovative ideas from intellectual concepts
to fully developed and commercial businesses. Once work on the design of the Equilume mask had
been completed, Barbara found a local Irish company to produce it. Barbara received a market
feasibility support grant in 2011 from Enterprise Ireland and later secured a commercialisation grant in
2012, allowing her to further test the prototype on three continents – in Japan, in Kentucky USA and in
Ireland. “Enterprise Ireland has been very helpful. Through their global network, we have always found
someone who has been able to support us or point us in the right direction.”
In November 2012, Equilume was of?cially established and the company participated in Enterprise
Ireland’s High Potential Start-Up (HPSU) Programme the following year. By June 2013, The Equilume
light mask was ready for launch - perfect timing for the start of the horse breeding season in the southern
hemisphere. The mask was later launched in Ireland, the UK and Kentucky in September 2013.
Now based in Kildare, the UCD spin-out company currently employs ?ve people. They are now ?nalising
funding, both from Enterprise Ireland and from private investors, which will help the company to move
to the next level. “Trying to communicate to potential investors that the product is a positive advance
in technology is challenging. Many don’t have a lot of knowledge of the industry and convincing them
the mask is commercially valid has been challenging.”
Equilume is gearing up to sell in the southern hemisphere for the 2014 breeding season in the summer.
The company has already got orders from Australia and New Zealand and is expecting to quadruple
their sales from 2013. At present, Equilume are building up a distribution network in its target markets.
“We now have a distributor in Ireland, Canada, and Japan and are in discussions with several others.
I have a very busy schedule ahead of me!”
www.equilume.com
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JOHN HUGHES, Insulcheck
Inspiration for an innovative idea can often develop from a signi?cant or life-changing event. For serial
entrepreneur John Hughes, a fatal overdose of insulin was the trigger.
For almost 20 years, John has had type 1 diabetes and is required to inject insulin four times per day.
On an ordinary day when he set out for a walk in the park, John inadvertently took an extra shot. He
collapsed in a coma and was rushed to hospital.
While recovering, John began to think about how he could make sure he and fellow patients with
diabetes would not ?nd themselves in this position again. And so the concept for InsulCheck was
born. Along with his engineering colleague, William Cirillo, John began researching and looked to
develop a simple solution. “Our research identi?ed approximately 50 million insulin-users worldwide
who live with the double-injection threat every day. More than 30,000 of those are in Ireland alone.
They use a pen-like injection device, and short of taking a note of the time they inject, there was no
failsafe way for them to remember if and when they have taken their insulin.”
With a little help from a diabetes professor, John and William designed, prototyped, tested and patented
the InsulCheck device which automatically detects when an injection is completed. InsulCheck clips
onto insulin pens and constantly displays the time since the last injection.
John advises other entrepreneurs to focus on their market research when they are ?rst setting up.
“For those looking to turn their idea into a viable business venture, they need to ensure their product
or service is appropriate to their customer base – is it necessary, will it solve a problem and will people
buy it?”
During the R&D stage, the company was included as one of Enterprise Ireland’s High Potential
Start-Ups (HPSU). Receiving support from EI helped to ensure the product was piloted carefully. “We
didn’t want to make any big mistakes. I used InsulCheck myself for several months as part of our user
trials and it really solved the problem for me. Even now, I can pick up my insulin pen at any time and it
tells me for certain whether I have or have not injected.”
InsulCheck removes the doubt for insulin pen users while offering their care team an extra level of
security as their patients deal with their complex condition. John believes that InsulCheck has ensured
people with diabetes and their families can now have peace-of-mind like never before. “The objective
of InsulCheck is to decrease the number of double injection incidents and provide reassurance to
diabetes patients by providing the information they need to improve their safety and compliance.
Studies have shown that approximately 40% of patients admit to having dif?culty remembering
whether or not they had in fact injected their insulin.”
Halo Business Angel Partnership helped InsulCheck secure investment capital after matching the
company with investors who have expertise in medical sales, marketing and distribution. With the
support of its angel investors, the company has partnered with the main insulin pen producers to
ensure the device is compatible with the most common pen designs.
A serial entrepreneur, John feels the experience he gained from his previous start-ups has been
fundamental in setting up InsulCheck. In 1984, John founded one of Ireland’s ?rst IT Training Companies,
The Company Learning Centre, where he employed 15 staff. Later he built an e-learning software
development company that grew to over 30 people operating in Ireland and the USA. “Once you
successfully start up, you are constantly facing obstacles as you plan to grow and expand. Having been
here before, I feel I have an advantage and I’m looking forward to facing the challenges that lie ahead.”
Since its launch in March 2012, InsulCheck has received interest from people with diabetes in the US,
Australia, South Africa and across Europe. John and his team are well placed to work with potential
distributors and customers throughout the world. The company is also developing other products in
the medical space. “The environment in Ireland is superb for research and innovation. We are getting
great support from government, development agencies and academics – watch this space for more!”
www.insulcheck.com
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LEONORA O’BRIEN, Pharmapod
Leonora O’Brien is the founder and CEO of Pharmapod, which supplies pharmacists with a
cloud-based platform to record and report adverse drug effects. Having worked in the pharmacy
sector for 16 years, Leonora decided to become an entrepreneur in 2012 after spotting a niche to
change the way pharmacies interact with each other and, ultimately, with patients.
Launched in November 2012, Pharmapod aims to improve knowledge sharing amongst pharmacists
by bringing the industry into the digital age. The software caters for both community and hospital
pharmacies, and aims to prevent errors and medication-related incidents. “When you work in the
industry you see patterns, such as prescribing errors and patients having adverse reactions to
medicines. Because the same errors were happening again and again I felt compelled to set up
Pharmapod, to prevent patients being harmed unnecessarily. We can also track patterns and trends
in counterfeit medicines which is a huge bene?t to the pharmaceutical manufacturers as well as for
patient safety globally.”
Leonora left her job at the Pharmacy Regulator to devote herself to Pharmapod full time. “You take
a personal risk for the sake of solving a problem, to bring your idea to fruition, to contribute positively
to society.”
The evolution of Pharmapod from a business idea to a ?edgling start-up happened quickly. Leonora
entered the 12-week LaunchPad start-up incubation programme at the National Digital Research
Centre (NDRC) in Dublin. Today, the company is still based in the centre’s of?ce space for new ventures.
Describing the NDRC as a “hub of positivity”, Leonora found being part of the ecosystem there proved
very helpful when getting Pharmapod up and running. “Setting up a business can be isolating, but
NDRC provides us with an energising base where we always feel supported.”
Having ?nished up on LaunchPad in May 2012, Pharmapod ?nished its software development and
completed its beta testing with a number of Irish pharmacies before launching the product to the
market in November. In 2013, the company was included on Enterprise Ireland High Potential Start-Up
(HPSU) programme. Leonora also participates in the Going for Growth programme, a support initiative
for ambitious female entrepreneurs.
In 2013, Leonora won the Laureate for Europe in The Global Cartier Women’s Initiative Awards, held
in Paris. She was selected as one of 18 Cartier ?nalists from more than 1,200 applicants around the
globe. Pharmapod was one of only three European start-ups shortlisted and the only start-up from
Ireland. Pharmapod also won the €5,000 prize fund at the Tech Entrepreneurs workshop in Dublin as
part of the European Digital Agenda Assembly in June 2013.
Pharmapod runs on all platforms and is designed to cross borders, “Pharmapod is the ?rst international
platform of its kind to pool information from country to country and monitor the trends and causes
behind medication errors and adverse effects.”
The software gathers the data and sends it through the professional network – both the pharmacy and
the patient remain anonymous throughout. “Transparency is crucial to promote an open, no-blame
culture. The data is shared back with the profession so it can learn from medication errors that are
happening and based on this objective data, systems are now being improved.”
Available by monthly subscription, over 120 pharmacies are currently using the Pharmapod system.
Leonora has found that the majority of their sales to date have come through word of mouth and
believe this is down to the user-friendliness of the software. Recently, the Pharmapod system is also
being rolled out across the schools of pharmacy in Ireland in order to train pharmacy undergraduates
in risk management. Leonora believes this will be a powerful driver of sales.
For Leonora, the biggest challenge so far has been balancing funding activities with customer
acquisition. However, Pharmapod has now successfully closed its seed round, reaching its investment
target of €750K. With ?ve staff members and currently recruiting, Pharmapod is now in the latter
stages of localisation for the UK market and has a pilot group in place. The company has also begun
localising for the Kenyan market and plans are in place to run their next pilot in Canada in late 2014.
www.pharmapod.ie
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MARJORIE O’MALLEY, Achill Island Sea Salt
The company Achill Island Sea Salt was established by Marjorie O’Malley and her family in July 2013,
renewing the age old tradition of salt production on the island. “We began by researching the history
of salt production in the local area. We wanted to revive an industry which had existed right up to the
1820’s. We felt we could really make a go of it, as there was only one other company producing sea
salt in Ireland.”
Achill Island Sea Salt is a natural Irish product; hand harvested in a traditional manner by the O’Malley
family from the wild Atlantic waters of Keel Bay, Achill Island. Initially, the salt was produced in the
family kitchen. Combined with a few modern necessities such as electricity, the production results
in the creation of the “white crunchy sea salt ?akes that melt in the mouth”. The O’Malley family are
passionate about the new venture. Marjorie is responsible for the overall running of the business, while
her husband Kieran and their eldest son focus on producing the Sea Salt.
In the beginning, Marjorie sold the Sea Salt at the local farmers markets. After a food tasting by chefs
in Galway, food writers and chefs blogged and tweeted about the product. Orders came from all over
the country but the family could only ?ll those from artisan shops, the local Supervalu and restuarants
located in the west of Ireland. With such a positive response, the O’Malleys realised that they couldn’t
stay in the kitchen for long. In November 2013, the RTE programme “Ear to the Ground” produced
a documentary on Achill Island Sea Salt. In the run up to Christmas 2013, the family were working
24/7. Increasing capacity became a priority.
The company received funding from the Mayo County Enterprise Board to scale up in 2014. As a
result, production has now moved to a pilot plant in Keel, which contains a commercial kitchen ?tted
with four powerful gas burners and some dehydrators to dry the salt. “The move to a pilot plant gives
us the opportunity to explore the conditions for crystallisation which will produce the best crystals and
to improve ways of handling, washing and drying crystals.”
Despite a sole focus on the Connacht region, word of mouth from existing customers has seen
demand for Achill Island Sea Salt increase rapidly from all over the country. The product has gained
much critical acclaim from chefs and cooks for its unique taste, texture and appearance. It has been
endorsed by John & Sally McKenna - McKenna Guides Best in Ireland 2014.
The O’Malleys plan to expand nationwide once capacity allows. Using an innovation voucher from
Enterprise Ireland, the company have been liaising with the Centre for Integration of Sustainable
Energy Technologies in GMIT. “We will move from the pilot plant at the end of 2014 to an Udaras na
Gaeltachta factory on Achill Island and use a process being developed by GMIT which will incorporate
a raft of renewable energy sources to evaporate the sea salt in a unique and sustainable manner.”
The process being developed will eventually allow the business to produce 1 tonne of salt per week.
Marjorie feels the creation of a sustainable industry would bene?t the entire community on Achill Island.
“The area is decimated by emigration and unemployment. We would like to create jobs and use the
resources available around us. Achill itself is a strong brand - people know it immediately.”
The family has been overwhelmed by the positivity and goodwill from the local community. “It is a really
exciting time. The pride that people have for Achill Island has really spurred us on. They all feel a part
of it – they see it as ‘their salt’ and they share it with family and friends abroad. That is most inspiring.”
www.achillislandseasalt.ie
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PAT O’NEILL, Zenith Adhesive Components (ZAC)
Pat O’Neill never imagined wanting to set up his own business, as he was happy working for someone
else. Circumstances were to change, however, and that is exactly what happened.
A graduate of Management Science from Trinity College, Dublin, Pat began his career with Smur?t
Ireland, working in a number of production and quality management positions. In the late 1990’s,
he began working with M&C Specialties, a family-owned company headquartered in the USA. The
company specialises in the manufacture of adhesive and tape diecuts for use in various products such
as plastic mouldings, electronic products and medical devices. An Irish subsidiary of M&C Specialties
was established in Athlone. Pat trained with the company in the USA and ran the operation in Ireland.
He developed it from an empty shell to a busy manufacturing unit with 20 staff, which gained global
customers in the medical device, industrial and automotive sectors.
In 2007, as the US family had no one left in the family to take over the business, they decided to sell
M&C Specialties to a large multi-national, who at the time were buying a company a week. After the
takeover, it became apparent to Pat that the Irish plant was going to be shut and production would
not be staying in Ireland. “They really didn’t have enough managers to look after all their acquisitions.
They started closing down some of their smaller businesses. Unfortunately, one of them was ours”.
In 2012, the impending closure proved to be the catalyst that stirred Pat’s entrepreneurial aspiration.
In September 2012, a few months before the company closed for good, Pat left to set up on his own.
“I wanted to keep my own job and those of my colleagues on the island of Ireland. I wanted to continue
working in the same industry, so I used the opportunity to set up ZAC.”
By establishing Zenith Adhesive Components (ZAC) alongside engineering director Jonathan Whately,
they managed to save a number of jobs and kept production in Athlone. Pat and his team succeeded
in winning some old customers back and have won many more customers over the last eighteen
months. “Winning new customers is down to the ?exible ‘can-do’ attitude of the staff and our ability
to turn around ideas and orders in a timely fashion. For many of our Irish customers, we are supplying
products that would otherwise have to be imported from the UK or the USA.”
In October 2013, ZAC moved to their current location in Blyry Business Park, Athlone. The facility
has been ISO 9000 certi?ed and contains a Class 8 Clean-room for manufacturing products in a
controlled air environment. ZAC manufactures adhesive components for bonding, shielding, insulation,
protection and skin attachment of devices. With a strong customer base in Ireland, ZAC has also
begun exporting to the USA and the UK.
In February 2014, the company was included as one of Enterprise Ireland’s High Potential Start-Ups
(HPSU) and received a substantial investment to further penetrate international markets, increase their
sales and employ more staff. “Enterprise Ireland have been a great support. The funding alone allowed
us to go ahead and purchase vital machinery to make more sophisticated parts. It has jumpstarted our
production and increased our overall volume capacity. Without this help, it would’ve taken us much
longer to get this far.”
For Pat, getting the business to be self-suf?cient before concentrating on further development was
important. “We are almost halfway through our second year of trading and are breaking even. Now,
we can focus on our long term strategy. We have various products in the pipeline that are very
promising.” ZAC currently has eleven full time staff. Depending on customer orders, additional staff is
also recruited on short term contracts on an ongoing basis.
Pat is a founding member of both the Midlands Gateway Chamber of Commerce and the Midlands
Manufacturing Meitheal, a forum where business owners support each other and help overcome the
vast array of issues that arise in their businesses. “Supporting local entrepreneurs in the Midlands is
crucial. I ?nd it extremely rewarding to be able to mentor and advise others”.
www.zac.ie
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PAT PHELAN, Trustev
For serial entrepreneur Pat Phelan, there was never any doubt that he would become his own boss.
Having started out as a butcher, Pat trained as a chef and opened his ?rst business – a Thai restaurant
in Cork. “I always knew that I’d work for myself. I like to execute ideas and I like the freedom to try
and explore opportunities where I can solve real problems for real people.”
While running a number of restuarants, Pat discovered that many of the international chefs working
for him found it dif?cult to stay in touch with their families overseas. This led to his ?rst involvement
with internet cafes and phone services, before he began exploring other business opportunities in the
telecoms and international roaming sectors. “Every business I’ve been involved in is really an evolution
of a problem that I came across in the business before. Trustev was no different. The telecoms
industry is one of the worst hit when it comes to fraud.”
Established in 2012, Trustev is an identity veri?cation platform focused on delivering real time
information to combat e-commerce fraud. It provides a multi-layered approach to fraud detection
to maximise revenue and minimise loss while reducing the cost of policing fraud. Through Trustev’s
unique technology, online retailers can be certain that they are dealing with real human beings and
it mirrors the way merchants make real life selling decisions. “When we started Trustev, the vision of
my co-founder Chris Kennedy and I was to make e-commerce open, safe and transparent. As more
services and products move online, businesses have to be certain that they know exactly who they are
doing business with - otherwise growth will eventually stall. Online retail is still only 5% of total global
retail, so it is an exciting time to be in this space.”
At Trustev, Pat drives a focussed approach to business operations, to deliver measurable results for
customers, partners and investors. He believes very strongly in partnerships and personal relationships
in doing business. “Chris has been involved with me in a number of previous businesses. I think we’re
the perfect team - I look after the commercial side of the business, he looks after the technology side
but we both know enough about the other to be able to work together with one set of goals.”
In October 2013, Trustev raised over €3million in one of Europe’s largest ever seed round investments.
The company was also awarded the coveted title as Europe’s Top Technology Start-up by the EU
Commission and was named one of the Top 10 global technology start-up companies by Forbes
magazine in 2014.
In April 2014, Trustev took top prize at SXSW, the world’s largest technology festival. The company
is already signi?cantly reducing fraud and increasing revenues for some of the biggest E-commerce
companies in the market. The ?rm has grown from three to 19 employees in less than 12 months and
now has more than 100 customers in ?ve countries. Getting this far in a very short period of time, Pat
believes the support given to Trustev had a major impact. “We got great support from Telefonica’s
Wayra programme in Dublin and from Enterprise Ireland. We are also thankful for the fact that we’ve
attracted investment from a team of investors who are very interested in Trustev and have taken a
hands-on approach to help to grow the business.”
For Pat, being an entrepreneur means taking the good with the bad. “Especially in the early days of a
business it can be an emotional and physical rollercoaster. The long hours, combined with, in my case,
so much travel can be draining. The best feeling occurs when you see a happy customer deriving real
value from something you’ve built. Then you know the hard work is worthwhile.”
Pat advises those aspiring to become entrepreneurs to “go into it with your eyes open and realise that
it’s a dif?cult path you’re choosing. The high points are high but the low point points are as equally low.
You have to be incredibly focused on delivery - being an entrepreneur is not for dreamers or thinkers:
it’s for doers.”
www.trustev.com
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PATRICK RIGNEY, PJ Rigney Distillery & International Brand
Patrick Rigney is well known for his expertise in international business, brand development and
marketing, as a brand inventor, champion marketer and entrepreneur. His latest venture is the creation
of a new multi-purpose distillery in Drumshanbo, Co. Leitrim, in which he will distil and develop a new
range of craft style spirit brands for international markets.
Patrick cut his teeth originally in Baileys, Gilbeys, C&C International and Grants of Ireland. During
his time with Baileys Patrick managed the core business of the Americas and Australasia while he
simultaneously developed the Sheridan’s liqueur brand. In 1998 Patrick became the joint founder of
Castle Brands, which developed Boru Vodka and a range of other successful brands before successfully
exiting in 2005 through an IPO on the AMEX in New York. That same year, Patrick established Fastnet
Brands and Dalcassian, a wine and spirits distribution company, and more recently has invested in a
range of other companies in the drinks, pharmaceutical, tourism and equestrian sectors.
The catalyst for this latest start-up, “PJ Rigney Distillery and International Brands Ltd” was Bord Bia,
who were seeking to support the creation of a new wave of strong brands out of Ireland. “Bord Bia
provided the kick-start and encouraged me to explore. I began developing a number of ideas and
brands. I concentrated initially on the idea, particularly in the area of provenance in order to put together
something that was unique and remarkable in terms of the distilling capability and brand story.”
While on business in Germany, Patrick noticed an extraordinary smell coming into the bedroom
where he was staying. He was intrigued to discover that a man was actually distilling alcohol in the
room below. He later learned that distilling was part of the culture in that part of Germany and that
distillery equipment was manufactured nearby. Enquiries quickly led to orders and at present, distillery
equipment is being built in Germany, which will be transported and installed in Drumshanbo this
summer. This will make PJ Rigney Distillery the ?rst multi-purpose distillery of its kind in Ireland and the
?rst distillery in Connaught for over 100 years.
For Patrick, the international connections and the experience he has gained over his career give
him an advantage in this new business. “I was not starting from the very beginning. Having set up a
business before, I think you are less likely to make as many mistakes.”
Patrick has found it quite challenging securing investment for his new venture given it is food/drink
centred, but received support through Enterprise Ireland’s High Potential Start-Up programme (HPSU).“
I am grateful that Enterprise Ireland has shown con?dence in what we are trying to achieve and has
supported us ?nancially. Compared to technology, I think it’s extremely dif?cult to get investment in the
Food and Drinks industry. People really want to see success before they invest.”
Not wedded to a particular location, through connections in the industry, Patrick visited Drumshanbo,
Co Leitrim, where Carrig Craft Brewing Company had recently established a micro-brewery. He was
impressed by what he saw and the welcome for the venture from the local community. “There is a
wonderful environment and a rich heritage here in Leitrim. Everyone wanted to support the project. I
met with the community and asked their opinions. All were very encouraging and were happy for the
business to come.”
Patrick has assembled a strong management team, including a world-class distiller Robert Barrett
and other veterans from the industry. In partnership with Dalcassian, the wine and spirit distribution
company, which will provide the route to market in Ireland, PJ Rigney Distillery plans to develop a
whole new range of international brands. “Initially the focus will be on getting the business on a sound
commercial footing, achieving a turnover of €5 -10 million, creating 10-15 permanent jobs, restoring
the lost skills of distilling and creating a range of international brands. If we succeed in doing all of that,
we will have done well.”
Patrick would recommend becoming an entrepreneur to others, but knows it is not for everyone. “A
career as an entrepreneur is not for the faint-hearted. It pushes you outside your comfort zone.What
makes it all worthwhile is knowing you have taken a risk and seeing it pay off. That’s the best feeling
in the world!”
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THERESA KEADY, EC Charging
Theresa Keady, the founder of EC Charging, has leveraged over 20 years’ experience in the parking
industry to create EC Charging. Located in Baldonnel Business Park, Dublin 22, EC Charging
manufactures, installs and maintains Electric Vechicle (EV) charging stations and also operates a
back-of?ce communication system.

It was the identi?cation of a clearly perceived opportunity that propelled Theresa to become an
entrepreneur.
In 2010 the ESB announced plans to install 1,500 charging stations nationwide. “These charging
stations weren’t being manufactured in Ireland and were being imported from the UK and Germany.
I could see that there was a clear gap for an Irish producer.”
Immediately the company began developing an Irish-built EV charging station based on the
requirements laid down by the ESB Ecars speci?cation. As a result of rapid, focused development, EC
Charging became the ?rst Irish manufacturer of high speed, network enabled EV charging stations.
The approach was to combine innovative technology, with robust design and a proven service
management approach.
Once EC Charging had developed their ?rst charging unit, they secured a contract with the ESB.
“Since January 2013 we have supplied a substantial number of units, which are being used throughout
the country. There are now more than 600 electric cars in Ireland and the Government has set an
ambitious target of having 10% of all cars electric by 2020.”
Theresa expects that further developments in battery technology, a reduction in EV prices and the
nationwide rollout of charging infrastructure will lead to electric cars becoming much more widely used
within the next few years. The growth in the EV market will continue to be driven by the need to bring
down CO
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require a cut in CO
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of CO
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. Transport is the only major sector in the EU where greenhouse gas emissions are still rising.
EC Charging are a founding member of UK EVSE (EV Trade Association) and held its UK launch at
LCV Millbrook in September 2013 (UK’s largest Low Carbon Vehicle Event). “The trade event led to
our ?rst contracts with local authorities in the UK and we are now pursuing contracts in several UK
locations as well as putting a plan in place to enter the Norwegian market at the end of the year”.
The Norwegian market looks particularly attractive to EC Charging as Norway currently has more than
10,000 electric cars, the highest number per capita in the world. By developing sales to the UK, EC
Charging expects to see 50% growth in turnover in 2014 and are confdent that the EV industry is now
in a signi?cant growth phase, driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gases. Noting that the price of
electric cars has come into line with combustion engine cars, Theresa believes that before long electric
cars will become commonplace on our roads.
EC Charging is now well positioned to respond to a growing demand for its products from within
Ireland and in export markets and is committed to product innovation based on real customer need.
EC Charging specialises in the development and manufacture of network enabled onstreet public
charging stations for Electric Vehicles. EC Charging provides the hardware, software, management
information system installation and maintenance. “The charging station identi?es the customer,
transfers power to the vehicle and transmits usage data to our in house management system. We
offer these services to customers in the Energy sector as well as Parking operators, Local Authorities,
Transport Hubs, Shopping centres, Hospital and Hotels. The current geographical markets we serve
are Ireland, UK and Norway.”
EC Charging was recently backed as a High Potential Start-Up (HPSU) by Enterprise Ireland. HPSUs are
start-up businesses with the potential to develop an innovative product or service for sale on international
markets with the potential to create 10 jobs or more and €1m in sales within 3 to 4 years of starting up.
www.eccharging.co.uk
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SECTION 6
COMPARATIVE DATA ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP
IN 2013
TABLE A - POTENTIAL ENTREPRENEURS: PERSONAL CONTEXT OF GENERAL POPULATION

Know a recent Opportunities Skills & Knowledge Fear of failure
entrepreneur
5
in local area
6
to start-up prevent start-up
Percentage in Percentage in Percentage in Percentage in
adult population adult population adult population adult population
Belgium
1 2 3 4
19 31 34 51
Canada
1
28 57 48 37
Chile
1
42 68 60 31
Croatia
2
24 18 47 46
Czech Republic
1 2
23 23 43 43
Estonia
1 2 4
37 46 40 48
Finland
1 2 3 4
45 44 33 41
France
1 2 3 4
33 23 33 45
Germany
1 2 3 4
25 31 38 48
Greece
1 2 3 4
25 14 46 69
Hungary
1 2
28 19 38 48
Ireland
1 2 3 4
31 28 43 45
Israel
1
41 47 36 53
Italy
1 2 3 4
17 17 29 56
Japan
1
17 8 13 47
Korea
1
31 13 28 45
Latvia
2
31 35 48 43
Lithuania
2
37 29 35 49
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
36 46 43 50
Mexico
1
57 54 59 33
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
35 33 42 41
Norway
1
32 64 34 33
Poland
1 2
38 26 52 56
Portugal
1 2 3 4
26 20 49 48
Romania
2
28 29 46 46
Slovakia
1 2 4
39 16 51 44
Slovenia
1 2 4
39 16 51 42
Spain
1 2 3 4
31 16 48 48
Sweden
1 2 3
37 64 39 40
Switzerland
1
30 42 45 35
United Kingdom
1 2 3
29 36 44 40
United States
1
27 47 56 35
BRIC countries
Brazil 38 51 53 43
Russia 39 18 28 41
India 39 41 56 36
China 48 33 36 36
OECD average 32 34 42 45
EU-28 average 31 29 42 47
EU-15 average 30 31 40 48
EURO area average 31 27 42 48
BRIC average 41 36 43 39

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
5 Knows someone who has started a business in the past 2 years
6 Opportunites to start a business in the next six months (July 2013-December 2013)

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 57 09/06/2014 11:06
58
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
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L
A
N
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2
0
1
3
59
E
N
T
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P
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N
E
U
R
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P

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I
R
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L
A
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D

2
0
1
3
T
A
B
L
E

B

-

E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
I
A
L

A
C
T
I
V
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A
s
p
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r
i
n
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N
a
s
c
e
n
t

N
e
w

b
u
s
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T
o
t
a
l

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a
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s
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7
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6
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9

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2
6
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7
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p
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2

3

4

9
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3

3
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4
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1

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3

1
1
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5
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1
3

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1
1
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3

4
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3
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7

8
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2

1
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1
0
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0
U
n
i
t
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d

K
i
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g
d
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m

1

2

3

7
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6

3
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6

3
.
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7
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1

1
7

1
5

6

6
.
6
U
n
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t
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d

S
t
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e
s

1

1
6
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6

9
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2

3
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7

1
2
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7

4

7
.
5
B
R
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C

c
o
u
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e
s

B
r
a
z
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l

2
9
.
4

5
.
1

1
2
.
6

1
7
.
3

1
5
.
4
R
u
s
s
i
a

4
.
7

3
.
0

2
.
8

5
.
8

3
.
4
I
n
d
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a

2
5
.
5

5
.
1

4
.
9

9
.
9

1
0
.
7
C
h
i
n
a

1
6
.
6

5
.
2

8
.
9

1
4
.
0

1
1
.
0
O
E
C
D

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

1
5
.
4

5
.
2

3
.
4

8
.
5

6
.
6
E
U
-
2
8

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

1
5
.
9

4
.
8

3
.
3

8
.
0

6
.
4
E
U
-
1
5

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

1
1
.
5

3
.
9

2
.
7

6
.
5

6
.
6
E
U
R
O

a
r
e
a

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

1
3
.
5

4
.
2

2
.
9

7
.
0

6
.
3
B
R
I
C

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

1
9
.
1

4
.
6

7
.
3

1
1
.
7

1
0
.
1
1

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

O
E
C
D

3

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

U
n
i
o
n

-

E
U

1
5

2

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

U
n
i
o
n

-

E
U

2
8

4

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
U
R
O

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 58 09/06/2014 11:06
58
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
59
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE C - ‘CULTURE’: PERCEPTIONS OF GENERAL POPULATION

Entrepreneurship Success at Supportive media
is a good entrepreneurship coverage of
career choice has high status entrepreneurs
Percentage in Percentage in Percentage in
adult population adult population adult population
Belgium
1 2 3 4
55 52 44
Canada
1
61 70 70
Chile
1
69 67 66
Croatia
2
61 43 43
Czech Republic
1 2
n/a 48 n/a
Estonia
1 2 4
53 59 41
Finland
1 2 3 4
44 85 69
France
1 2 3 4
55 70 41
Germany
1 2 3 4
49 75 50
Greece
1 2 3 4
60 65 32
Hungary
1 2
46 74 28
Ireland
1 2 3 4
50 81 60
Israel
1
61 80 49
Italy
1 2 3 4
66 72 48
Japan
1
31 53 58
Korea
1
51 68 68
Latvia
2
61 59 59
Lithuania
2
69 57 48
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
39 71 36
Mexico
1
58 62 51
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
79 66 55
Norway
1
49 75 57
Poland
1 2
67 60 59
Portugal
1 2 3 4
n/a n/a n/a
Romania
2
74 73 61
Slovakia
1 2 4
49 59 52
Slovenia
1 2 4
57 68 51
Spain
1 2 3 4
54 52 46
Sweden
1 2 3
52 72 59
Switzerland
1
41 65 48
United Kingdom
1 2 3
54 79 50
United States
1
n/a n/a n/a
BRIC countries
Brazil 85 82 84
Russia 66 68 49
India 61 70 61
China 70 74 71
OECD average 54 67 51
EU-28 average 57 65 49
EU-15 average 55 70 49
EURO area average 55 67 48
BRIC average 70 74 66

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 59 09/06/2014 11:06
60
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
61
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
T
A
B
L
E

D

-

E
X
I
T
S

A
N
D

R
E
A
S
O
N
S

F
O
R

E
X
I
T
S

E
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s

e
x
i
t
e
d

E
n
t
r
e
p
r
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n
e
u
r
s

e
x
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t
e
d

D
i
s
c
o
n
t
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e
d

R
e
a
s
o
n
:

D
i
s
c
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n
t
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n
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e
d

R
e
a
s
o
n
:

D
i
s
c
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n
t
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n
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e
d

R
e
a
s
o
n
:

D
i
s
c
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n
t
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e
d

R
e
a
s
o
n
:

D
i
s
c
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n
t
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e
d

R
e
a
s
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n
:

D
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s
c
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n
t
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e
d

R
e
a
s
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n
:

D
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s
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t
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e
d

R
e
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s
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n
:

D
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s
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e
d

R
e
a
s
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n
:

i
n

l
a
s
t

1
2

m
o
n
t
h
s

&

i
n

l
a
s
t

1
2

m
o
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s

&

O
p
p
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n
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y

t
o

s
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l
l

B
u
s
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n
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w
a
s

P
r
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b
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m
s

F
o
u
n
d

a
n
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t
h
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r

j
o
b

o
r

E
x
i
t

w
a
s

p
l
a
n
n
e
d

R
e
t
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r
e
m
e
n
t

R
e
a
s
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n

o
f

C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

o
f

b
u
s
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n
e
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s

d
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s
c
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t
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e
d

b
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s
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n
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c
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n
t
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e
d

t
h
e

b
u
s
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n
e
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s

n
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t

p
r
o
?
t
a
b
l
e

g
e
t
t
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n
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?
n
a
n
c
e

b
u
s
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s

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p
p
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n
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y

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n

a
d
v
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p
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r
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l

n
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s
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i
n
c
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d
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O

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 60 09/06/2014 11:06
60
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
61
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
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N
E
U
R
S
H
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P

I
N

I
R
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L
A
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2
0
1
3
TABLE E - MOTIVATIONS OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS

Motivated by Motivated by
opportunity necessity
Percentage of all Percentage of all
early stage early stage
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs
Belgium
1 2 3 4
67 33
Canada
1
84 16
Chile
1
79 21
Croatia
2
62 38
Czech Republic
1 2
77 23
Estonia
1 2 4
84 16
Finland
1 2 3 4
80 20
France
1 2 3 4
84 16
Germany
1 2 3 4
80 20
Greece
1 2 3 4
76 24
Hungary
1 2
71 29
Ireland
1 2 3 4
81 19
Israel
1
82 18
Italy
1 2 3 4
80 20
Japan
1
74 26
Korea
1
62 38
Latvia
2
78 22
Lithuania
2
76 24
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
93 7
Mexico
1
88 12
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
92 8
Norway
1
96 4
Poland
1 2
51 49
Portugal
1 2 3 4
78 22
Romania
2
68 32
Slovakia
1 2 4
59 41
Slovenia
1 2 4
75 25
Spain
1 2 3 4
70 30
Sweden
1 2 3
89 11
Switzerland
1
92 8
United Kingdom
1 2 3
83 17
United States
1
77 23
BRIC countries
Brazil 71 29
Russia 63 37
India 60 40
China 66 34
OECD average 79 21
EU-28 average 76 24
EU-15 average 82 18
EURO area average 79 21
BRIC average 66 34

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 61 09/06/2014 11:06
62
E
N
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63
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O

TABLE G - EDUCATION LEVEL OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS

Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs
with some with secondary with post- with graduate with post-
secondary school as secondary education as secondary
education as highest as highest highest education
highest quali?cation quali?cation quali?cation
quali?cation
As a percentage As a percentage As a percentage As a percentage Percentage
of all adults in this of all adults in this of all adults in this of all adults in this of all early stage
education category education category education category education category entrepreneurs
Belgium
1 2 3 4
2.8 4.6 4.2 7.8 57
Canada
1
7.8 9.1 12.6 8.8 75
Chile
1
16.6 22.9 28.5 27.3 42
Croatia
2
3.5 9.7 13.7 11.9 29
Czech Republic
1 2
3.4 6.9 10.7 10.1 25
Estonia
1 2 4
7.0 11.0 20.6 14.3 44
Finland
1 2 3 4
3.2 5.9 3.5 6.0 25
France
1 2 3 4
2.0 3.8 6.8 n/a 63
Germany
1 2 3 4
3.3 4.9 6.3 n/a 38
Greece
1 2 3 4
3.2 4.1 6.8 7.4 62
Hungary
1 2
6.7 10.1 10.6 14.2 47
Ireland
1 2 3 4
6.3 6.0 9.2 12.1 70
Israel
1
6.2 8.7 10.7 12.0 68
Italy
1 2 3 4
2.2 4.7 n/a 3.5 15
Japan
1
1.1 2.8 4.0 3.1 61
Korea
1
2.1 6.5 6.7 8.5 71
Latvia
2
9.6 11.3 17.8 13.7 48
Lithuania
2
4.7 10.4 13.6 n/a 76
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
3.2 6.7 11.0 9.8 64
Mexico
1
12.9 17.8 16.0 5.4 10
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
5.3 8.8 11.0 16.8 41
Norway
1
4.6 6.9 5.8 n/a 54
Poland
1 2
7.1 8.3 14.1 8.7 34
Portugal
1 2 3 4
5.0 6.9 11.0 14.8 50
Romania
2
4.4 7.9 14.1 11.1 48
Slovakia
1 2 4
6.7 10.1 13.3 11.3 33
Slovenia
1 2 4
2.7 6.1 7.8 14.2 53
Spain
1 2 3 4
3.2 5.2 6.6 9.5 42
Sweden
1 2 3
5.2 7.7 9.3 4.8 51
Switzerland
1
2.8 6.0 12.8 18.7 53
United Kingdom
1 2 3
4.1 4.5 8.9 8.5 64
United States
1
9.3 9.3 13.1 11.1 66
BRIC countries
Brazil 17.0 17.9 16.2 3.5 8
Russia 3.9 2.9 6.0 n/a 95
India 7.9 13.3 8.8 n/a 24
China 10.5 14.6 17.1 5.9 34
OECD average 5.2 7.7 10.4 10.7 49
EU-28 average 4.6 7.2 10.5 10.5 47
EU-15 average 3.8 5.7 7.9 9.2 50
EURO area average 4.0 6.3 9.1 10.6 47
BRIC average 9.8 12.2 12.0 n/a 40

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 63 09/06/2014 11:06
64
E
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2
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2
0
1
3
TABLE H - EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS

Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage
entrepreneurial entrepreneurial entrepreneurial entrepreneurial entrepreneurial entrepreneurial
activity by adults activity by adults activity by activity by adult activity by adult activity by adult
in employment not working students or retired with household with household with household
income in income in income in
lowest third middle third highest third
of population of population of population
As percentage As percentage As percentage As percentage Percentage in Percentage in
of all adults in of all adults in of all adults in of all adults in of all adults in of all adults in
this category this category this category this category this category this category
Belgium
1 2 3 4
6.0 4.5 1.4 1.7 2.2 3.8
Canada
1
14.3 5.5 3.2 8.5 8.7 9.2
Chile
1
30.0 9.6 4.9 14.7 17.1 23.7
Croatia
2
10.6 5.8 3.8 3.7 5.0 9.5
Czech Republic
1 2
8.9 2.2 0.6 3.8 5.3 8.6
Estonia
1 2 4
14.3 5.3 2.7 3.8 7.2 10.6
Finland
1 2 3 4
6.3 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.4 4.1
France
1 2 3 4
5.1 3.7 1.5 1.2 2.6 4.2
Germany
1 2 3 4
5.8 3.2 1.9 3.1 3.8 2.4
Greece
1 2 3 4
9.9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Hungary
1 2
12.7 6.4 1.9 5.0 8.0 9.5
Ireland
1 2 3 4
11.9 3.2 3.1 2.8 4.3 4.1
Israel
1
11.4 3.2 3.1 5.5 8.2 8.2
Italy
1 2 3 4
5.1 1.9 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.0
Japan
1
5.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.6 2.2
Korea
1
10.0 0.8 0.3 3.4 5.8 5.8
Latvia
2
15.1 7.7 3.5 3.8 7.6 10.5
Lithuania
2
15.4 4.4 2.8 5.9 8.8 14.9
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
10.0 4.5 2.6 3.5 4.9 5.5
Mexico
1
17.8 5.0 2.4 5.1 10.1 11.7
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
10.7 1.7 0.4 4.0 5.0 9.6
Norway
1
7.1 3.2 0.8 3.4 2.3 5.4
Poland
1 2
11.0 4.0 2.0 4.2 8.3 10.8
Portugal
1 2 3 4
10.2 3.6 2.8 n/a n/a n/a
Romania
2
14.5 2.9 2.0 5.0 5.0 12.5
Slovakia
1 2 4
11.6 6.0 1.0 3.6 6.5 10.1
Slovenia
1 2 4
7.9 5.9 2.8 2.1 4.1 4.6
Spain
1 2 3 4
7.5 3.4 0.8 2.1 1.3 1.8
Sweden
1 2 3
9.0 4.7 4.6 4.7 5.7 6.9
Switzerland
1
9.4 3.3 2.0 4.3 4.9 5.9
United Kingdom
1 2 3
8.4 2.0 2.3 2.4 3.5 3.8
United States
1
14.3 9.7 7.1 7.3 8.6 10.4
BRIC countries
Brazil 23.4 3.1 2.7 14.8 12.4 15.9
Russia 7.0 2.5 1.1 1.4 2.6 4.7
India 16.0 1.2 0.3 6.3 6.8 13.2
China 18.8 0.8 0.4 8.0 10.5 18.4
OECD average 10.4 4.0 2.2 4.1 5.6 7.1
EU-28 average 9.9 4.0 2.2 3.4 4.9 7.1
EU-15 average 8.1 3.2 2.0 2.7 3.5 4.3
EURO area average 8.7 3.7 1.9 2.7 3.9 5.1
BRIC average 16.3 1.9 1.1 7.6 8.1 13.0

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 64 09/06/2014 11:06
64
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1

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a
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m
b
e
r

o
f

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C
D

3

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m
b
e
r

o
f

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u
r
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p
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a
n

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n

-

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1
5

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0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 67 09/06/2014 11:06
68
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
69
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE L - ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAMS

Nascent New business Early stage Established
entrepreneurs owners entrepreneurs owner managers
Expected number Number of Number of expected Number of
of owners owners or actual owners owners
Belgium
1 2 3 4
2.1 1.8 2.0 1.7
Canada
1
2.1 1.8 2.0 1.7
Chile
1
1.9 1.7 1.8 1.3
Croatia
2
2.1 1.6 2.0 1.9
Czech Republic
1 2
1.7 1.8 1.7 1.4
Estonia
1 2 4
1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0
Finland
1 2 3 4
1.9 1.6 1.7 1.8
France
1 2 3 4
1.8 1.8 1.8 1.4
Germany
1 2 3 4
2.1 1.5 1.9 1.3
Greece
1 2 3 4
1.8 1.5 1.7 1.6
Hungary
1 2
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Ireland
1 2 3 4
1.7 2.1 1.9 1.6
Israel
1
1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6
Italy
1 2 3 4
1.8 2.1 1.9 2.9
Japan
1
3.2 1.9 2.7 1.9
Korea
1
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2
Latvia
2
2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8
Lithuania
2
1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
2.0 2.1 2.0 2.4
Mexico
1
1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
1.8 1.4 1.6 1.9
Norway
1
1.5 1.6 1.6 2.0
Poland
1 2
1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4
Portugal
1 2 3 4
2.1 1.8 1.9 1.5
Romania
2
1.9 1.5 1.8 1.8
Slovakia
1 2 4
1.9 1.9 2.0 1.5
Slovenia
1 2 4
1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7
Spain
1 2 3 4
1.9 1.6 1.8 1.8
Sweden
1 2 3
1.9 1.4 1.7 2.1
Switzerland
1
1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5
United Kingdom
1 2 3
1.9 1.7 1.9 1.7
United States
1
1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0
BRIC countries
Brazil 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.2
Russia 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4
India 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6
China 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.4
OECD average 1.9 2.0 1.8 2.5
EU-28 average 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.7
EU-15 average 1.9 1.7 1.8 3.5
EURO area average 1.9 1.8 1.9 3.3
BRIC average 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 68 09/06/2014 11:06
68
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
69
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE M - INFORMAL INVESTORS: RATES AND AMOUNTS

Informal Total invested in
investors
5
past 3 years
6
Percentage in
adult population

Belgium
1 2 3 4
2.8 56,400
Canada
1
5.7 24,000
Chile
1
15.6 6,100
Croatia
2
3.4 40,100
Czech Republic
1 2
7.7 11,500
Estonia
1 2 4
6.6 7,100
Finland
1 2 3 4
2.9 6,400
France
1 2 3 4
3.3 21,400
Germany
1 2 3 4
3.4 21,300
Greece
1 2 3 4
2.5 14,500
Hungary
1 2
3.4 10,200
Ireland
1 2 3 4
3.4 18,700
Israel
1
5.0 45,200
Italy
1 2 3 4
1.7 41,000
Japan
1
1.3 30,600
Korea
1
3.2 36,900
Latvia
2
7.9 22,400
Lithuania
2
7.3 13,100
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
5.6 36,200
Mexico
1
7.8 1,100
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
3.5 30,100
Norway
1
3.3 21,300
Poland
1 2
3.1 6,800
Portugal
1 2 3 4
2.4 9,100
Romania
2
5.2 16,400
Slovakia
1 2 4
7.3 27,000
Slovenia
1 2 4
3.7 29,000
Spain
1 2 3 4
3.3 17,900
Sweden
1 2 3
5.9 16,200
Switzerland
1
6.4 36,600
United Kingdom
1 2 3
2.1 24,300
United States
1
4.6 38,600
BRIC countries
Brazil 2.4 3,000
Russia 2.3 4,500
India 1.4 n/a
China 3.7 13,100
OECD average 4.6 23,000
EU-28 average 4.3 21,600
EU-15 average 3.3 24,100
EURO area average 3.8 24,000
BRIC average 2.4 5,000

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
5 Provided funds for a new business in the past three years
6 Exchange rate US$1.31 to Euro
0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 69 09/06/2014 11:06
70
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
71
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N
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R
E
P
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R
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2
0
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T
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3

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2
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1

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1
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1

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1

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1
7

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1
9

1
1
E
U
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2
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a
v
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5
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6
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1
3
E
U
-
1
5

a
v
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5
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1
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3
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1
1

6
7

1
9

1
4
E
U
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O

a
r
e
a

a
v
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5
3

2
9

1
7

5
0

3
9

1
0

6
7

1
9

1
5
B
R
I
C

a
v
e
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a
g
e

6
7

2
2

1
1

6
3

3
1

6

7
6

1
6

7
1

M
e
m
b
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r

o
f

O
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C
D

3

M
e
m
b
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r

o
f

E
u
r
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p
e
a
n

U
n
i
o
n

-

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1
5
2

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
u
r
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p
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a
n

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n
i
o
n

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U

2
8

4

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
U
R
O

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 71 09/06/2014 11:06
72
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
73
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
T
A
B
L
E

P

-

I
N
N
O
V
A
T
I
V
E
N
E
S
S

O
F

E
S
T
A
B
L
I
S
H
E
D

O
W
N
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R

M
A
N
A
G
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R
S

P
r
o
d
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c
t
/
s
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r
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M
a
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b
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F
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b
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b
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u
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v
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t
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c
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c
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c
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p
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p
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a
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a
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5

y
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)

(
a
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t
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P
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a
n
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3
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5
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3

2
2

1
5
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s
t
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a

1

2

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6

1
4

1
0

5
7

3
6

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8
4

9

7
F
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n
l
a
n
d

1

2

3

4

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8

2
6

7

6
8

2
5

7

8
3

8

9
F
r
a
n
c
e

1

2

3

4

6
9

1
8

1
3

6
2

2
9

9

8
1

1
3

6
G
e
r
m
a
n
y

1

2

3

4

7
8

1
8

4

7
4

2
4

2

9
6

3

1
G
r
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e
c
e

1

2

3

4

8
1

1
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4

6
3

3
3

4

7
1

1
2

1
7
H
u
n
g
a
r
y

1

2

7
9

1
5

5

6
4

2
8

8

9
3

6

1
I
r
e
l
a
n
d

1

2

3

4

7
5

1
5

1
0

6
3

2
3

1
4

8
6

1
2

2
I
s
r
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e
l

1

7
0

1
9

1
1

7
3

2
6

1

7
9

1
5

6
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t
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l
y

1

2

3

4

1
6

6
3

2
1

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1

2
3

6

8
8

8

4
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a
p
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n

1

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2
1

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0

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2
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1

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2
6

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7
2

2
2

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2

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2
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t
v
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7
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n
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1
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6
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x
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b
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1

2

3

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3
6

5
5

8

6
7

3
2

2

8
8

1
0

2
M
e
x
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c
o

1

4
7

4
1

1
2

5
8

3
8

3

8
7

9

3
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s

1

2

3

4

7
7

1
2

1
0

7
2

2
3

4

9
2

6

2
N
o
r
w
a
y

1

8
6

1
1

2

6
1

2
4

1
5

9
1

3

6
P
o
l
a
n
d

1

2

4
2

4
1

1
7

7
9

2
0

1

8
9

5

6
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l

1

2

3

4

7
7

1
4

8

6
2

3
5

4

8
7

1
0

3
R
o
m
a
n
i
a

2

5
9

2
6

1
5

7
5

2
2

3

7
7

2
0

3
S
l
o
v
a
k
i
a

1

2

4

7
1

2
5

5

8
3

1
5

3

8
2

6

1
2
S
l
o
v
e
n
i
a

1

2

4

7
0

2
2

8

6
6

3
1

4

9
3

5

2
S
p
a
i
n

1

2

3

4

9
0

7

3

7
1

2
3

5

8
8

9

3
S
w
e
d
e
n

1

2

3

7
1

2
3

6

6
5

3
1

3

9
0

9

2
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

1

6
8

2
4

9

6
0

3
5

4

9
3

4

3
U
n
i
t
e
d

K
i
n
g
d
o
m

1

2

3

7
9

1
5

6

6
4

3
2

4

9
1

7

1
U
n
i
t
e
d

S
t
a
t
e
s

1

7
4

2
0

7

6
5

3
0

4

8
7

1
1

2
B
R
I
C

c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s

B
r
a
z
i
l

1
0
0

0

0

7
0

2
4

6

1
0
0

0

0
R
u
s
s
i
a

7
8

1
2

1
0

7
7

2
3

0

9
2

8

0
I
n
d
i
a

6
8

1
7

1
5

6
0

3
5

5

8
1

1
5

3
C
h
i
n
a

3
9

4
3

1
8

7
5

2
1

4

8
6

1
3

1
O
E
C
D

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

6
7

2
4

1
0

6
6

2
9

5

8
7

9

4
E
U
-
2
8

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

6
9

2
2

9

6
8

2
7

5

8
4

1
0

6
E
U
-
1
5

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

6
8

2
3

8

6
6

2
9

5

8
6

9

4
E
U
R
O

a
r
e
a

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

6
8

2
3

9

6
7

2
8

5

8
6

9

5
B
R
I
C

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

7
1

1
8

1
1

7
1

2
6

4

9
0

9

1
1

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

O
E
C
D

3

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

U
n
i
o
n

-

E
U

1
5
2

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

U
n
i
o
n

-

E
U

2
8

4

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

E
U
R
O
0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 72 09/06/2014 11:06
72
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
73
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE Q - GROWTH ASPIRATIONS OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS AND ESTABLISHED OWNER MANAGERS

Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Established
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs owner managers
Any jobs now Expect 20 or Any jobs Expect 10 or Expect 20 or Expect 10 or
or expected more jobs now or any more jobs more jobs more jobs
in ?ve years within 5 years jobs expected within 5 years
5
within 5 years within 5 years
5
Percentage Percentage Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of
in adult in adult all early stage all early stage all early stage all established
population population entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs owner managers
Belgium
1 2 3 4
3.4 0.4 69 16 8 1
Canada
1
8.7 1.6 72 22 13 6
Chile
1
21.3 3.1 87 24 13 5
Croatia
2
6.1 1.0 74 23 12 8
Czech Republic
1 2
5.2 0.9 70 19 12 4
Estonia
1 2 4
10.2 0.8 78 15 6 1
Finland
1 2 3 4
3.7 0.4 70 12 8 2
France
1 2 3 4
3.0 0.2 65 16 5 2
Germany
1 2 3 4
3.0 0.5 61 16 10 3
Greece
1 2 3 4
3.6 0.2 65 5 4 1
Hungary
1 2
7.3 1.4 76 19 14 7
Ireland
1 2 3 4
7.8 1.1 85 22 12 5
Israel
1
7.3 1.4 72 18 14 7
Italy
1 2 3 4
2.5 0.2 72 7 6 4
Japan
1
2.6 1.0 70 35 26 10
Korea
1
5.6 0.8 82 14 12 6
Latvia
2
10.8 2.8 82 32 21 9
Lithuania
2
10.1 1.7 81 24 14 4
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
5.8 0.5 67 11 6 0
Mexico
1
6.8 0.1 46 4 1 4
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
6.1 0.5 66 8 6 1
Norway
1
4.5 0.5 72 10 8 3
Poland
1 2
7.9 1.2 85 27 13 7
Portugal
1 2 3 4
5.7 0.8 69 16 10 3
Romania
2
8.2 1.8 81 33 18 5
Slovakia
1 2 4
7.1 1.2 75 21 12 7
Slovenia
1 2 4
5.2 0.7 81 23 11 9
Spain
1 2 3 4
3.5 0.2 68 9 4 1
Sweden
1 2 3
5.5 0.7 67 11 8 3
Switzerland
1
5.5 0.3 68 9 4 1
United Kingdom
1 2 3
4.2 0.8 58 16 11 3
United States
1
8.7 1.7 69 23 13 2
BRIC countries
Brazil 9.1 0.4 53 5 2 2
Russia 4.2 0.5 72 19 9 4
India 6.1 0.1 62 3 1 1
China 11.9 1.7 85 16 12 8
OECD average 6.1 0.8 71 16 10 4
EU-28 average 5.9 0.9 72 17 11 4
EU-15 average 4.4 0.5 68 13 8 2
EURO area average 5.0 0.6 71 14 8 3
BRIC average 7.8 0.7 68 11 6 4

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
5 If the business is already operational, jobs 5 years from now; in which case an extra requirement is that job growth is at least 50%.

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 73 09/06/2014 11:06
74
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
75
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE R - INTERNATIONAL ORIENTATION OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS

More than 50% More than 50% No customers 1-25% 26-75% 76-100%
of customers of customers outside country customers customers customers
outside country outside country outside country outside country outside country
Percentage in Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of
adult population all early stage all early stage all early stage all early stage all early stage
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs
Belgium
1 2 3 4
1.0 20 28 44 17 11
Canada
1
1.5 12 16 70 7 7
Chile
1
2.0 8 19 68 10 4
Croatia
2
2.3 28 16 43 21 20
Czech Republic
1 2
0.7 10 20 64 11 5
Estonia
1 2 4
1.8 14 31 43 15 11
Finland
1 2 3 4
0.3 7 59 30 7 4
France
1 2 3 4
0.4 9 45 36 13 6
Germany
1 2 3 4
0.5 9 46 38 11 5
Greece
1 2 3 4
0.6 12 44 43 6 7
Hungary
1 2
1.1 11 37 41 16 6
Ireland
1 2 3 4
1.6 18 41 34 12 13
Israel
1
2.0 20 47 29 11 13
Italy
1 2 3 4
0.3 9 56 27 10 7
Japan
1
0.2 6 40 49 10 1
Korea
1
0.5 7 54 34 8 4
Latvia
2
2.7 21 32 34 23 11
Lithuania
2
1.9 16 31 43 17 9
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
1.8 21 12 54 19 15
Mexico
1
0.3 2 90 5 4 1
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
0.8 8 47 39 9 5
Norway
1
0.7 10 60 23 7 9
Poland
1 2
1.2 13 21 55 14 10
Portugal
1 2 3 4
1.3 16 27 43 18 12
Romania
2
2.1 21 30 39 21 11
Slovakia
1 2 4
1.1 12 13 66 15 6
Slovenia
1 2 4
1.2 18 26 48 11 16
Spain
1 2 3 4
0.3 6 73 18 4 5
Sweden
1 2 3
1.0 12 43 35 13 10
Switzerland
1
1.2 15 19 53 20 7
United Kingdom
1 2 3
0.8 12 62 21 9 8
United States
1
0.7 6 15 74 8 4
BRIC countries
Brazil 0.0 0 99 1 0 0
Russia 0.3 5 91 3 1 5
India 0.2 2 83 11 5 1
China 0.1 0 78 22 0 0
OECD average 1.0 11 39 42 11 8
EU-28 average 1.2 15 36 41 14 9
EU-15 average 0.8 13 45 36 11 8
EURO area average 0.9 13 39 40 12 9
BRIC average 0.2 1 88 9 2 1

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 74 09/06/2014 11:06
74
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
75
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE S - INTERNATIONAL ORIENTATION OF ESTABLISHED OWNER MANAGERS

More than 50% More than 50% No customers 1-25% 26-75% 76-100%
of customers of customers outside country customers customers customers
outside country outside country outside country outside country outside country
Percentage in Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of
adult population all established all established all established all established all established
owner managers owner managers owner managers owner managers owner managers
Belgium
1 2 3 4
0.8 13 32 52 8 8
Canada
1
0.5 5 22 70 5 3
Chile
1
0.4 5 32 60 6 2
Croatia
2
0.8 24 27 44 17 12
Czech Republic
1 2
0.3 6 28 61 7 4
Estonia
1 2 4
0.7 15 40 43 8 9
Finland
1 2 3 4
0.4 7 59 33 3 5
France
1 2 3 4
0.3 7 56 31 8 6
Germany
1 2 3 4
0.3 7 40 50 6 4
Greece
1 2 3 4
0.9 7 50 40 5 5
Hungary
1 2
1.0 14 40 38 13 9
Ireland
1 2 3 4
1.0 13 47 32 12 8
Israel
1
0.7 12 45 41 5 9
Italy
1 2 3 4
0.4 11 51 36 9 3
Japan
1
0.1 2 61 34 2 2
Korea
1
0.4 4 61 32 4 3
Latvia
2
1.5 17 33 42 14 11
Lithuania
2
1.2 14 33 48 11 8
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
0.6 24 16 58 12 14
Mexico
1
0.1 2 85 10 4 1
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
0.8 10 38 49 7 6
Norway
1
0.3 4 72 18 6 4
Poland
1 2
0.3 5 22 68 7 3
Portugal
1 2 3 4
0.9 11 37 48 9 6
Romania
2
0.3 6 36 46 15 3
Slovakia
1 2 4
0.8 15 19 63 9 9
Slovenia
1 2 4
0.9 15 26 52 15 8
Spain
1 2 3 4
0.3 3 74 21 4 2
Sweden
1 2 3
0.6 10 43 40 9 7
Switzerland
1
1.2 12 19 57 17 7
United Kingdom
1 2 3
0.4 7 64 26 7 4
United States
1
0.4 5 26 67 4 3
BRIC countries
Brazil 0.0 0 99 1 0 0
Russia 0.1 3 89 7 2 2
India 0.1 1 88 11 1 1
China 0.0 0 88 12 0 0
OECD average 0.6 9 43 44 8 6
EU-28 average 0.7 11 40 44 9 7
EU-15 average 0.6 9 47 40 8 6
EURO area average 0.7 10 42 43 8 7
BRIC average 0.1 1 91 8 1 1

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 28
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO

0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 75 09/06/2014 11:06
76
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
77
E
N
T
R
E
P
R
E
N
E
U
R
S
H
I
P

I
N

I
R
E
L
A
N
D

2
0
1
3
TABLE T - GENDER: ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

Men Women Men:Woman Men Women Men:Women
early stage early stage (early stage established established (established
entrepreneurs entrepreneurs entrepreneurs) owner managers owner managers owner managers)
Percentage in Percentage in Rate as a ratio Percentage Percentage Rate as a ratio
male adult female adult in male in female
population population adult population adult population
Belgium
1 2 3 4
6.4 3.4 1.9 : 1 8.3 3.5 2.4 : 1
Canada
1
14.5 9.9 1.5 :1 11.2 5.8 1.9 : 1
Chile
1
30.0 19.0 1.6 : 1 10.5 6.5 1.6 : 1
Croatia
2
11.5 5.1 2.2 : 1 3.8 2.7 1.4 : 1
Czech Republic
1 2
10.5 4.1 2.6 : 1 7.1 3.4 2.1 : 1
Estonia
1 2 4
17.0 9.4 1.8 : 1 7.4 2.7 2.7 : 1
Finland
1 2 3 4
6.5 4.0 1.6 : 1 9.6 3.6 2.7 : 1
France
1 2 3 4
6.1 3.1 2.0 : 1 5.8 2.4 2.4 : 1
Germany
1 2 3 4
6.0 3.9 1.5 : 1 6.1 4.0 1.5 : 1
Greece
1 2 3 4
7.8 3.2 2.4 : 1 18.4 6.8 2.7 : 1
Hungary
1 2
12.4 7.0 1.8 : 1 9.6 4.9 2.0 : 1
Ireland
1 2 3 4
12.1 6.4 1.9 : 1 11.4 3.6 3.1 : 1
Israel
1
13.7 6.5 2.1 : 1 8.3 3.7 2.3 : 1
Italy
1 2 3 4
4.8 2.1 2.3 : 1 6.1 1.3 4.6 : 1
Japan
1
4.8 2.7 1.8 : 1 8.4 2.9 2.9 : 1
Korea
1
9.7 3.9 2.5 : 1 12.6 5.3 2.4 : 1
Latvia
2
16.6 10.1 1.6 : 1 12.2 5.6 2.2 : 1
Lithuania
2
17.5 7.8 2.2 : 1 12.1 4.9 2.5 : 1
Luxembourg
1 2 3 4
11.6 5.6 2.1 : 1 2.8 2.0 1.4 : 1
Mexico
1
16.8 13.0 1.3 : 1 5.7 2.7 2.1 : 1
Netherlands
1 2 3 4
11.7 6.8 1.7 : 1 11.8 5.6 2.1 : 1
Norway
1
8.9 3.6 2.5 : 1 9.1 3.2 2.8 : 1
Poland
1 2
12.4 6.2 2.0 : 1 9.2 3.8 2.4 : 1
Portugal
1 2 3 4
10.8 5.8 1.9 : 1 10.5 5.1 2.1 : 1
Romania
2
12.4 7.9 1.6 : 1 6.8 3.9 1.7 : 1
Slovakia
1 2 4
11.7 7.3 1.6 : 1 8.1 2.7 3.1 : 1
Slovenia
1 2 4
8.8 4.0 2.2 : 1 8.2 3.0 2.7 : 1
Spain
1 2 3 4
6.2 4.2 1.5 : 1 10.4 6.3 1.6 : 1
Sweden
1 2 3
10.2 6.2 1.7 : 1 8.0 4.0 2.0 : 1
Switzerland
1
8.3 8.0 1.0 : 1 12.3 7.6 1.6 : 1
United Kingdom
1 2 3
8.8 5.5 1.6 : 1 9.1 4.0 2.3 : 1
United States
1
15.1 10.4 1.5 : 1 8.5 6.5 1.3 : 1
BRIC countries
Brazil 17.2 17.4 1.0 : 1 18.6 12.6 1.5 : 1
Russia 6.2 5.3 1.2 : 1 4.6 2.3 2.0 : 1
India 13.2 6.4 2.1 : 1 14.8 6.3 2.4 : 1
China 15.8 12.2 1.3 : 1 14.1 8.0 1.8 : 1
OECD average 10.9 6.3 1.7 : 1 9.1 4.2 2.2 : 1
EU-28 average 10.4 5.6 1.9 : 1 8.8 3.9 2.3 : 1
EU-15 average 8.4 4.6 1.8 : 1 9.1 4.0 2.3 : 1
EURO area average 9.1 4.9 1.8 : 1 8.9 3.8 2.4 : 1
BRIC average 13.1 10.3 1.3 : 1 13.0 7.3 1.8 : 1

1 Member of OECD
2 Member of European Union - EU 27
3 Member of European Union - EU 15
4 Member of EURO
0057-080 GEM SECTION 6 2013.indd 76 09/06/2014 11:06
76
E
N
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P
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2
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77
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The GEM study includes a wider group of countries than those referenced in this report. GEM groups
the participating countries into three levels: factor driven, ef?ciency driven and innovation driven.
These are based on World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Competitiveness Report, which identi?es
three phases of economic growth based on GDP per capita and the share of exports comprising
primary goods.
The table below provides an overview of the results of the GEM 2013 research cycle which was carried
out through surveying more than 190,000 individuals across the 67 economies involved, spanning
diverse geographies and a range of development levels.
Nascent New business Early stage Owner managers of
entrepreneurship ownership entrepreneurial established business
rate rate activity (TEA) ownership rate
Factor-driven economies % % % %
Algeria 2.2 2.6 4.9 5.4
Angola 8.0 14.7 22.2 8.5
Botswana 11.0 10.2 20.9 3.4
Ghana 8.5 17.7 25.8 25.9
India 5.1 4.9 9.9 10.7
Iran 6.4 6.1 12.3 10.6
Libya 6.6 4.7 11.2 3.4
Malawi 10.1 18.8 28.1 12.0
Nigeria 20.0 20.7 39.9 17.5
Philippines 12.0 6.7 18.5 6.6
Uganda 5.6 20.0 25.2 36.1
Vietnam 4.0 11.5 15.4 16.4
Zambia 22.6 18.0 39.9 16.6
average (unweighted) 9.4 12.0 21.1 13.3

Ef?ciency-driven economies % % % %
Argentina 10.5 5.6 15.9 9.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.8 4.6 10.3 4.5
Brazil 5.1 12.6 17.3 15.4
Chile 15.4 9.6 24.3 8.5
China 5.2 8.9 14.0 11.0
Colombia 13.6 10.3 23.7 5.9
Croatia 6.3 2.0 8.3 3.3
Ecuador 25.3 13.6 36.0 18.0
Estonia 8.8 4.5 13.1 5.0
Guatemala 7.6 4.9 12.3 5.1
Hungary 6.0 3.7 9.7 7.2
Indonesia 5.7 20.4 25.5 21.2
Jamaica 8.0 6.0 13.8 6.3
Latvia 8.1 5.3 13.3 8.8
Lithuania 6.1 6.4 12.4 8.3
Macedonia 3.4 3.5 6.6 7.3
Malaysia 1.5 5.2 6.6 6.0
continued over
APPENDIX 1:
GLOBAL RESULTS
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Nascent New business Early stage Owner managers of
entrepreneurship ownership entrepreneurial established business
rate rate activity (TEA) ownership rate
Ef?ciency-driven economies % % % %
Mexico 11.9 3.3 14.8 4.2
Panama 15.4 5.2 20.6 3.5
Peru 17.8 5.9 23.4 5.4
Poland 5.1 4.3 9.3 6.5
Romania 6.2 4.2 10.1 5.3
Russia 3.0 2.8 5.8 3.4
Slovakia 6.1 3.6 9.5 5.4
South Africa 6.6 4.0 10.6 2.9
Suriname 3.9 1.3 5.1 1.7
Thailand 7.9 10.4 17.7 28.0
Uruguay 8.5 5.7 14.1 4.9
average (unweighted) 8.4 6.4 14.4 8.0

Innovation-driven economies % % % %
Belgium 3.1 1.9 4.9 5.9
Canada 7.8 4.7 12.2 8.4
Czech Republic 4.9 2.7 7.3 5.3
Finland 2.7 2.7 5.3 6.6
France 2.7 1.8 4.6 4.1
Germany 3.1 2.0 5.0 5.1
Greece 3.3 2.3 5.5 12.6
Ireland 5.5 3.8 9.2 7.5
Israel 5.3 4.8 10.0 5.9
Italy 2.4 1.1 3.4 3.7
Japan 2.2 1.5 3.7 5.7
Republic of Korea 2.7 4.2 6.9 9.0
Luxembourg 6.0 2.8 8.7 2.4
Netherlands 4.7 4.8 9.3 8.7
Norway 2.9 3.4 6.3 6.2
Portugal 4.2 4.2 8.2 7.7
Puerto Rico 6.6 1.8 8.3 2.0
Singapore 6.4 4.4 10.7 4.2
Slovenia 3.6 2.9 6.5 5.7
Spain 3.1 2.2 5.2 8.4
Sweden 5.9 2.5 8.2 6.0
Switzerland 4.5 3.7 8.2 10.0
Taiwan 3.3 5.0 8.2 8.3
Trinidad and Tobago 11.4 8.5 19.5 11.4
United Kingdom 3.6 3.6 7.1 6.6
United States 9.2 3.7 12.7 7.5
average (unweighted) 4.7 3.3 7.9 6.7
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