Description
Within this brief file about entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills required for self reliance.
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
48
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
ENTREPRENEURIAL, TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED
FOR SELF-RELIANCE AND JOB CREATION IN NIGERIA
UMUNADI, E. Kennedy Ph.D.
Technical and Business Education, Delta State University,
P.M.B.1, Abraka
ABSTRACT: This paper was set to examine entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills
required for self-reliant and job creation. The relevance and appropriateness of the
entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education curricula for preparing individual for the
world of work is not reviewed on a regular basis. Over the years as a result of industrial
revolution, new machine, tools were manufactured for production in the company are now
outdated. The industries are concerned about inadequate qualification of trained personnel
and unemployable graduates that are roaming the street of the nation. Equally, educational
institutions are reluctant to revise their curricula. They tend to stick to traditional and
theoretical teaching, using outdated materials. Curricula of entrepreneurial, technical and
vocational education review commissions are to look at the possibilities of identifying viable
skills and initiatives for the acquisition of skills for self-reliant and job creation. The paper
pointed out inadequate infrastructure, issues of technology, teaching students theoretically and
government interference as challenges that are hindrances to the promotion of skill required
for self-reliance and job creation. It also addressed strategies for self-reliance required for
skills acquisition with some recommendations suggested that a combined curricula committee
should be setup to x-ray the issues of skills among others.
KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurial, Entrepreneur, Technical, Vocational, Self-Reliance And Job
Creation
INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship is a form of education commonly recognized by every society a job provider
for the jobless and drop out of individual from our institution in Nigeria. It is used as a strategy
to solve social problems of unemployment, poverty, and unbalanced technological
development. Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new of value by devoting
the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial psychic and personal
satisfaction and independence (Hisrich and Peter, 2002). Ifeanacho and Ifeanacho (2014) cited
Adegun and Akomolafe (2013) explained the concept of entrepreneurship development as a
gradual growth of creative and economic and social venture. It involves setting up an individual
to explore, opportunities successfully through making a profitable or suffering loss of invested
capital. The fundamental “principle” of entrepreneurship as a field of study is that it deals with
the organization of knowledge in a particular subject in such a way that it commands more of
the hidden potential in the subject in the area of self-employment and job creation. It has to do
with system of ideas and values that are now given attention recently as part of the tertiary
institution curriculum (Mkpa, 2014).
The function of entrepreneurial studies at the school or faculty level in a conventional
institutions is to enable its students to discover, whilst undertaking their regular course of
studies, what other relevant work experiences other than those in paid employment of
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
49
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
government and other agencies are going on in society by the appropriate entrepreneurs so as
to facilitate the direct exchange of information in the interest of students.
The Entrepreneurial and Entrepreneurship
According to Caree and Thurik (2002) an entrepreneur is an enterprising individual who builds
capital through risk and /or initiative. Entrepreneur in English dictionary is a term applied to a
person who is willing to help, launch a new venture or enterprise and accept full responsibility
for the outcome. Over the time, scholars have defined the term in different ways. Here are some
of their definitions. An entrepreneur is a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell
it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while
consequently admitting the risk of enterprise. An entrepreneur is an economic agent who units
all means of production- land of one, the labour of another and the capital of yet another and
thus produces a product. By selling the product in the market he pays rent or land, wages to
labour, interest on capital and what remains is his profit, he shift economic resources out of an
area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield. The later definition is
most appropriate when viewed from the perspective of economic development.
Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations or revitalizing nature
organizations, particularly new business generally in response to identified opportunities. An
entrepreneur according to Butler (2012) is someone who creates a new organization by
generating resources to take an idea to market by utilizing the entrepreneurial process. This
involves an understanding of legal, fund raising and financial issues, marketing running the
enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the act of identifying, initiating, organizing and bringing a
vision to life, be it a new product, service, process, organizational strategy, promotional
strategy or a niche market (Akinwumi, 2012).
Entrepreneurship creative force has spread across markets and industries, simultaneously
creating new products and business models. Many “high value” entrepreneurial ventures seek
venture capital in order to raise capital to build the business (Ugwuda, 2014). An entrepreneur
with basic technical education skills can manage him/her self or set up his own business and
become self employed and be able to employ other (FRN, 2004). The entrepreneur can establish
a viable business enterprise and manage his entrepreneurial work efficiently as technical and
vocational educator. This similarity of career goals of Entrepreneurial, technical and
vocational education had a meeting point statement of individual acquiring necessary skill to
be self reliant in a chosen field in the National Policy on Education (FRN,2004):
? The trained manpower will be equipped with scientific, technological and business
knowledge particularly at craft, advanced craft and at technical levels.
? Technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, commercial and
economic development.
? Training and impart the necessary skill to individual who shall be self reliant
economically
The goals stated are all technical education skills required by an entrepreneur for survival as a
business owner. Nonetheless, the importance of the subject in the world of business is such that
most successful entrepreneurs are mostly technical educators by training. Entrepreneurs with a
sound knowledge of technical education often perform better than their counterparts who are
not proficient in the subject (Ugwuda, 2014). Being able to acquire scientific knowledge,
technological skills, business knowledge, technical knowledge, vocational skill necessary for
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
50
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
agricultural products, commercial and economic emancipation and development in all
ramifications, there is a strong belief the technical educator can perform the role of
entrepreneur. The key to successful entrepreneurial business is skill acquisition in technical
education. It is high time in a country without white collar jobs and government employment
to embrace technical education for self-reliant.
An entrepreneur can be defined as an innovating individual who has developed an ongoing
business activity where none existed before (Arogundade, 2011). Meredith (1983) defined an
entrepreneur as a person or persons who possesses the ability to recognize and evaluate
business opportunities, assemble the necessary sources to take advantage of them and take
appropriate action to ensure success. Acs and Varga (2005) explained entrepreneurs as
individual who constantly discover new markets and try to figure out how to supply those
markets efficiently and make a profit. He is a person that searches for change, responds to
change, and exploits change by converting change into business opportunity. An entrepreneur
is someone who specializes in making judgemental decisions about the coordination of scarce
resources (Casson, 2003). This means that the entrepreneur is an individual who can make
effective decision on how his business venture can succeed. Also the term judgemental implies
that the decision cannot be simply a routine application of a standard rule because the
perception of opportunities is subjective, while opportunities are objective (Acs, 2006).
Ugwoke, Onomereroro and Abidde (2004) explained entrepreneur as a word that originated
from the French word entreprendre which means to undertake. An entrepreneur is one who
undertakes to organize, manage and assume the risks of business. Entrepreneurship therefore,
can be defined as the process of using private initiative to transform a business concept into a
new venture or to grow and diversity an existing venture or enterprise with high growth
potential. Akonbowa (2005) opined that entrepreneurship is the creation of new organization
and that it is the process creating new ideas through devotion of time an efforts. Considering
the definitions above, for one to qualify as entrepreneur he must be an originator of profitable
business idea.
Relevant Skills Acquisition Programme in Nigeria
Various programs have been initiated in the past by both military and civilian administration
and corporate bodies in the country aimed at skill acquisition, self reliant, job creation, poverty
eradication, food adequacy, wealth creation, youth empowerment and reduction of crime in the
social society. The success rate of these programmes could be best imagined than discussed.
The relevance of skill acquisition cannot be relegated in any nation. There is a great need to
develop skilled personnel to update relevant skills to meet the requirements in the world of
work. Looking at skill acquisition from industrial development, there is need for training
programmes for persons of all working ages to help meet demands for new skills and adaptation
to changes in industrial structure.
The graduates in different field are roaming the streets of Nigeria as a result of lack of
entrepreneur, technical and vocational skills necessary for employment as skilled personnel.
An important issue of skill development in Nigeria is to ensure that human resources are
developed to such an extent that the achievement of desired rates of technological change will
not be impeded through lack of personnel with suitable and functional skills for the world of
work. Okorie (2000) made it clear that the country’s strive for industrial development also
means that more well trained managers and technicians are needed to manage adequately the
problems which are likely to arise mainly because of shortage of personnel with long industrial
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
51
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
experience. The individual retiring after long industrial services, replacement as a result of
sickness, death, accident that can lead to amputation or fatality and so on.
There is need also to remove the weak points and deficiencies in indigenous workers, drop
outs, jobless personnel that graduated long ago without jobs, under-employed workers,
prisoners that are freed from jails. There are workers with nonchalant attitude to work the
attitude to work and working relationship with others must be corrected through skill
acquisition as entrepreneur, technical and vocational education initiatives and programmes.
Some of these weak points and deficiencies include: inadequate practical knowledge on the job
that requires specification and precision inadequate educational or professional background of
practical oriented work. The worker may lack the initiative, managerial training, and poor
relations with co-workers and reluctance to carry out manual work. Inadequate safety training
and lack of skills for maintaining or keeping to rules and regulations of the company. It can
also be seen as insufficient loyalty skills to a constituted authority or organization. The training
needs and acquisition of skills are in great requirement in every points and situation mentioned
because these are likely to have adverse effects on employee’s productivity and retard industrial
progress in the country (Okorie, 2000:6).
Technical and Vocational Education
Skill acquisition in technical and vocational education involves the mastery of practical skills
and knowledge in any vocational and technical field of study. Skill acquisition in Nigerian
educational system could be through technical and vocational education. This is done through
teaching, training, retraining, practical experience and on-the-job training (Uzoka and Bayode,
2010).
Technical and vocational education is the education that provides the skills, knowledge and
attitude that lead to the production of individual who are resourceful and productive (Ndagi,
1998). Technical and vocational education emphasizes skills, knowledge and attitudinal
acquisition for productivity and self-reliance. Individual that is self-reliant can also be
classified under entrepreneurial cadre because he/her is self employed and a manager of his/her
own organization. Oladebo (1988) stated that the importance of technical and vocational
education cannot be over emphasized as it enables acquisition of skills and development of
attitude and knowledge which will enable young people to play their part in the business
community and help them to be self-reliant.
Skill acquisition can be attained in the following areas of vocational education:
? Industrial and trade
? Vocational agricultural education
? Home economics
? Business education
? Distributive education
Technical education empowers and prepares an individual to achieve its full potential for
contribution to a better quality life. Onwuka (2000) pointed out that through technical
education an individual is empowered to develop capabilities and values for the benefits of the
individual and that of the society. Entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education can be
acquired in a formal way of education. Although there are three existing forms of education:
formal and non-formal education. Formal education is the process of training and developing
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
52
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
people in skill, mind, and knowledge, character in a structured and certified programme. It is
mainly classroom-based and provided by trained teachers. Teaching materials and methods are
advanced in formal education as compared to informal or non-formal education. In this study,
the researcher treated entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills in the formal education
system to assist the unemployed personnel to acquire the required skills and knowledge to
enable him perform in their assigned duties in the world of work. Hornby (2010) stated that
individual can acquire education through the process of teaching, training and learning
especially in institution to improve knowledge and develop skills. It follows therefore that
every individual including the emotionally challenged needs acquisition of skills and
knowledge in order to develop their potentials (Anike, 2014).
Constraints of Entrepreneurs, Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria
There are a lot of reasons for the failure of entrepreneurs in Nigeria according to Amera and
Emuwa (2011) and Ali-Momoh (2011). These researchers pointed out that there are inadequate
infrastructure/facilities like good road and power. There are challenges of electricity in Nigeria
and the problem is still the same till date. The issue of technology education has been a major
problem of the country. The institutions in Nigeria lack the technical know-how and most of
the science oriented courses are taught theoretically and the practical aspect of the courses are
not given thorough consideration.
The relevance and appropriateness of entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education
curricula for preparing individual for the world of work is not reviewed on a regular basic,
while, new machines, tools are manufactured for production in the company. A student that is
studying technical and practical, vocational subjects may not be opportune to handle lathe
machine, wood work machine or use farm tools, water can or tractor as the case may be. The
computer students are not left out, you cannot find computer education student using or
handling computer throughout his period of training in a computer room. In Nigeria
technologically, we cannot produce cars, vehicles, electrical or electronics instrument such as
television or radio. It is this inadequate technology mechanical farming that is still making
Nigerians to import most of goods and services needed by Nigerians (Ajayi, Akinmyowa,
Enaini and Olohi, 2012)
Government interference and political instability is another reason why entrepreneurs do not
succeed like entrepreneurs, technical and vocational education in developed countries. Nigeria
government activities and policies interfere in entrepreneurial growth in different cities all over
the country. The political activities and environment can in great way influence entrepreneurial
climate of the country a great deal. There are other hindrance to the growth of entrepreneurial
empire, technology and vocational advancement. There is mistrust, dishonesty and corruption.
These three points mentioned are major challenges to the growth of entrepreneurial, technology
and vocational skills and knowledge in Nigeria. The struggle to get rich is the reason for
corruption and the get rich syndrome can also facilitate individual to be dishonest and
eventually lead to mistrust in the business world. In Nigeria, the business entrepreneurs are not
reliable and some of the business men at the end of the month will refuse to pay their workers
salaries. Entrepreneurs are supposed to treat workers like co-partners of their business venture.
They should be honest in dealing with their employees’ (Ajayi, et al, 2012).
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
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ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
Self-Reliance
An individual is said to be self-reliant when her/she can depend less on other people and his
family in the management of her human and material resources. The citizens will be self-reliant
when they have possible cause to access and utilize the essentials of life which includes good
food, clothing, shelters, medication, transportations, and functional education (Ofoye, 2010)
A self-reliant individual must be enterprising, he/she is enterprising when there is attributes of
verbal skills for selling, dominating, leading, conceives himself as a strong, masculine leader,
avoids well defined language or work situations requiring long periods of intellectual efforts,
is extraceptive, differs from the conventional types in that he prefers ambiguous social tasks
and has a greater concern with power status, and leadership, is orally aggressive (Okorie, 2000).
Vocational preferences, include business executive, buyer hotel manager, industrial relations
consultant, manufacturers, representative, master of ceremonies, political campaign manager,
real estate salesman, restaurant workers, speculator, sports promoter, stock and bond salesman,
television producer, travelling salesman and entrepreneurs that are self-reliant (Okorie,
2000:28).
Job Creation
Job can be defined as work done for which you receive regular payment. The oxford advanced
learner’s dictionary defined job as post, position, vacancy, placement, appointment or opening
(Hornby, 2006). The creation of job can be possible if the candidate or personnel has the
acquired entrepreneurial, technical or vocational skills needed to create or secure job either in
the industrial or become self-reliant individual. Job in the real sense is created for those that
need it, desire it and can effectively perform the expected skills to achieve the objectives of the
company. The trained entrepreneur, technical or vocational personnel can decide to be self-
reliant and also create job by employing others. The government of federal state local, non-
governmental agencies, international organization, united nations, individual can create job in
order to maximize profit. The multinational oil companies wearing the cap of investment can
create job in their exploration drive in Nigeria (Umunadi, 2010). The reason for job creation
is to produce goods and services and the establishment of the company must require skilled
personnel to actualize the objectives of the company.
Self-Reliance and Job creation
The social and economic environment in Nigeria with respect to technical and vocational
education, calls for the creation of a full partnership between employers and educators in
preparing individuals for the world of work. This is particularly true for those looking forward
to wage employment. However, for those who may finish with the hope and desire for self
employment, then the involvement of small businesses in technical and vocational education
programme becomes an absolute necessity. Technical and vocational education can expand its
horizons to provide new options for youth and contribute to increased productivity through
involvement in entrepreneurship education (Mndebele and Lukhele,1995). With a limited
industrial base, entrepreneurship education and self employment should be presented to
students as a career option in addition to the technical and vocational education. Processes for
entrepreneurship should be initiated at both the secondary and post secondary levels. The term
entrepreneurship describes individuals who have economic opportunities for themselves and
others through their ability to look beyond what presently exists within the job opportunity
arena (Mndebele and Lukhele, 1995). He further explained that entrepreneurs create new
businesses and can also reshape jobs into positions which are more productive. The need to
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
54
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
expand individual abilities to analyse their own generic occupational skills in order to create
and expand the present economic base is critical for a sustainable economic growth.
CONCLUSION
Entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education can be explained as synonymous form of
training that seeks to develop one’s knowledge, skills, mind, attitude and character towards
self-reliant and job creation. These three areas are specially prepared to promote skills required
for the world of work in different areas of life endeavour. Entrepreneurial education can be
explained as a form of education given to entrepreneur who is willing to help, launch a new
venture or enterprise and accept full responsibility for the outcome. An entrepreneur can be
defined as an innovating individual who has developed an ongoing business activity where
none existed before. Entrepreneurship is the art of engaging in activities through which one can
earn a living, as well as providing employment opportunities for other. Technical and
vocational education is the education that provides the skills, knowledge and attitude that lead
to production of individual who are resourceful and productive. A resourceful and productive
personnel quality in technical and vocational educator can best explain the meeting point of an
entrepreneur, technical and vocational educator in era of joblessness, unemployment and
eradication of poverty in our society. As a result it is important that the reader of this paper can
be helped to become independent, self reliant and job creator through exposure to
entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills and knowledge that can assist them survive and
create wealth in their environment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
i) Government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities like goods and power.
Electricity supply should be given priority to solve the problems of epileptic power supply in
Nigeria.
ii) Technology education must be given due attention by the government and the teachers
in secondary and tertiary institution. Practical aspect of practical oriented course should be
taught with relevant tools and equipment in a will equipped workshops.
iii) Government should encourage local entrepreneur to establish manufacturing industries
to produce local materials for cars, computers electronics equipment, television to reduce
importation of manufactured goods in the country.
iv) Government should set-up entrepreneurial technical and vocational training centre to
produce the required skilled personnel to cater for the local demands of skilled personnel in
Nigeria.
v) Entrepreneurial centres in our institutions in Nigeria must be equipped and utilized to
assist the university and other institution to bridge gap created by the theoretical nature of our
entrepreneurial technical and vocational education programme in our institution.
vi) Government should set-up a joint curricula of entrepreneurial, technical and vocational
education to x-ray the possibilities of mismatching skills knowledge and initiatives or the
acquisition of skills for self-reliant and job creation.
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Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
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doc_493829049.pdf
Within this brief file about entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills required for self reliance.
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
48
ISSN 2054-6351 (print), ISSN 2054-636X (online)
ENTREPRENEURIAL, TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED
FOR SELF-RELIANCE AND JOB CREATION IN NIGERIA
UMUNADI, E. Kennedy Ph.D.
Technical and Business Education, Delta State University,
P.M.B.1, Abraka
ABSTRACT: This paper was set to examine entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills
required for self-reliant and job creation. The relevance and appropriateness of the
entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education curricula for preparing individual for the
world of work is not reviewed on a regular basis. Over the years as a result of industrial
revolution, new machine, tools were manufactured for production in the company are now
outdated. The industries are concerned about inadequate qualification of trained personnel
and unemployable graduates that are roaming the street of the nation. Equally, educational
institutions are reluctant to revise their curricula. They tend to stick to traditional and
theoretical teaching, using outdated materials. Curricula of entrepreneurial, technical and
vocational education review commissions are to look at the possibilities of identifying viable
skills and initiatives for the acquisition of skills for self-reliant and job creation. The paper
pointed out inadequate infrastructure, issues of technology, teaching students theoretically and
government interference as challenges that are hindrances to the promotion of skill required
for self-reliance and job creation. It also addressed strategies for self-reliance required for
skills acquisition with some recommendations suggested that a combined curricula committee
should be setup to x-ray the issues of skills among others.
KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurial, Entrepreneur, Technical, Vocational, Self-Reliance And Job
Creation
INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship is a form of education commonly recognized by every society a job provider
for the jobless and drop out of individual from our institution in Nigeria. It is used as a strategy
to solve social problems of unemployment, poverty, and unbalanced technological
development. Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new of value by devoting
the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial psychic and personal
satisfaction and independence (Hisrich and Peter, 2002). Ifeanacho and Ifeanacho (2014) cited
Adegun and Akomolafe (2013) explained the concept of entrepreneurship development as a
gradual growth of creative and economic and social venture. It involves setting up an individual
to explore, opportunities successfully through making a profitable or suffering loss of invested
capital. The fundamental “principle” of entrepreneurship as a field of study is that it deals with
the organization of knowledge in a particular subject in such a way that it commands more of
the hidden potential in the subject in the area of self-employment and job creation. It has to do
with system of ideas and values that are now given attention recently as part of the tertiary
institution curriculum (Mkpa, 2014).
The function of entrepreneurial studies at the school or faculty level in a conventional
institutions is to enable its students to discover, whilst undertaking their regular course of
studies, what other relevant work experiences other than those in paid employment of
British Journal of Education
Vol.2,No.5,pp.48-56, October 2014
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government and other agencies are going on in society by the appropriate entrepreneurs so as
to facilitate the direct exchange of information in the interest of students.
The Entrepreneurial and Entrepreneurship
According to Caree and Thurik (2002) an entrepreneur is an enterprising individual who builds
capital through risk and /or initiative. Entrepreneur in English dictionary is a term applied to a
person who is willing to help, launch a new venture or enterprise and accept full responsibility
for the outcome. Over the time, scholars have defined the term in different ways. Here are some
of their definitions. An entrepreneur is a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell
it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while
consequently admitting the risk of enterprise. An entrepreneur is an economic agent who units
all means of production- land of one, the labour of another and the capital of yet another and
thus produces a product. By selling the product in the market he pays rent or land, wages to
labour, interest on capital and what remains is his profit, he shift economic resources out of an
area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield. The later definition is
most appropriate when viewed from the perspective of economic development.
Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations or revitalizing nature
organizations, particularly new business generally in response to identified opportunities. An
entrepreneur according to Butler (2012) is someone who creates a new organization by
generating resources to take an idea to market by utilizing the entrepreneurial process. This
involves an understanding of legal, fund raising and financial issues, marketing running the
enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the act of identifying, initiating, organizing and bringing a
vision to life, be it a new product, service, process, organizational strategy, promotional
strategy or a niche market (Akinwumi, 2012).
Entrepreneurship creative force has spread across markets and industries, simultaneously
creating new products and business models. Many “high value” entrepreneurial ventures seek
venture capital in order to raise capital to build the business (Ugwuda, 2014). An entrepreneur
with basic technical education skills can manage him/her self or set up his own business and
become self employed and be able to employ other (FRN, 2004). The entrepreneur can establish
a viable business enterprise and manage his entrepreneurial work efficiently as technical and
vocational educator. This similarity of career goals of Entrepreneurial, technical and
vocational education had a meeting point statement of individual acquiring necessary skill to
be self reliant in a chosen field in the National Policy on Education (FRN,2004):
? The trained manpower will be equipped with scientific, technological and business
knowledge particularly at craft, advanced craft and at technical levels.
? Technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, commercial and
economic development.
? Training and impart the necessary skill to individual who shall be self reliant
economically
The goals stated are all technical education skills required by an entrepreneur for survival as a
business owner. Nonetheless, the importance of the subject in the world of business is such that
most successful entrepreneurs are mostly technical educators by training. Entrepreneurs with a
sound knowledge of technical education often perform better than their counterparts who are
not proficient in the subject (Ugwuda, 2014). Being able to acquire scientific knowledge,
technological skills, business knowledge, technical knowledge, vocational skill necessary for
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agricultural products, commercial and economic emancipation and development in all
ramifications, there is a strong belief the technical educator can perform the role of
entrepreneur. The key to successful entrepreneurial business is skill acquisition in technical
education. It is high time in a country without white collar jobs and government employment
to embrace technical education for self-reliant.
An entrepreneur can be defined as an innovating individual who has developed an ongoing
business activity where none existed before (Arogundade, 2011). Meredith (1983) defined an
entrepreneur as a person or persons who possesses the ability to recognize and evaluate
business opportunities, assemble the necessary sources to take advantage of them and take
appropriate action to ensure success. Acs and Varga (2005) explained entrepreneurs as
individual who constantly discover new markets and try to figure out how to supply those
markets efficiently and make a profit. He is a person that searches for change, responds to
change, and exploits change by converting change into business opportunity. An entrepreneur
is someone who specializes in making judgemental decisions about the coordination of scarce
resources (Casson, 2003). This means that the entrepreneur is an individual who can make
effective decision on how his business venture can succeed. Also the term judgemental implies
that the decision cannot be simply a routine application of a standard rule because the
perception of opportunities is subjective, while opportunities are objective (Acs, 2006).
Ugwoke, Onomereroro and Abidde (2004) explained entrepreneur as a word that originated
from the French word entreprendre which means to undertake. An entrepreneur is one who
undertakes to organize, manage and assume the risks of business. Entrepreneurship therefore,
can be defined as the process of using private initiative to transform a business concept into a
new venture or to grow and diversity an existing venture or enterprise with high growth
potential. Akonbowa (2005) opined that entrepreneurship is the creation of new organization
and that it is the process creating new ideas through devotion of time an efforts. Considering
the definitions above, for one to qualify as entrepreneur he must be an originator of profitable
business idea.
Relevant Skills Acquisition Programme in Nigeria
Various programs have been initiated in the past by both military and civilian administration
and corporate bodies in the country aimed at skill acquisition, self reliant, job creation, poverty
eradication, food adequacy, wealth creation, youth empowerment and reduction of crime in the
social society. The success rate of these programmes could be best imagined than discussed.
The relevance of skill acquisition cannot be relegated in any nation. There is a great need to
develop skilled personnel to update relevant skills to meet the requirements in the world of
work. Looking at skill acquisition from industrial development, there is need for training
programmes for persons of all working ages to help meet demands for new skills and adaptation
to changes in industrial structure.
The graduates in different field are roaming the streets of Nigeria as a result of lack of
entrepreneur, technical and vocational skills necessary for employment as skilled personnel.
An important issue of skill development in Nigeria is to ensure that human resources are
developed to such an extent that the achievement of desired rates of technological change will
not be impeded through lack of personnel with suitable and functional skills for the world of
work. Okorie (2000) made it clear that the country’s strive for industrial development also
means that more well trained managers and technicians are needed to manage adequately the
problems which are likely to arise mainly because of shortage of personnel with long industrial
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experience. The individual retiring after long industrial services, replacement as a result of
sickness, death, accident that can lead to amputation or fatality and so on.
There is need also to remove the weak points and deficiencies in indigenous workers, drop
outs, jobless personnel that graduated long ago without jobs, under-employed workers,
prisoners that are freed from jails. There are workers with nonchalant attitude to work the
attitude to work and working relationship with others must be corrected through skill
acquisition as entrepreneur, technical and vocational education initiatives and programmes.
Some of these weak points and deficiencies include: inadequate practical knowledge on the job
that requires specification and precision inadequate educational or professional background of
practical oriented work. The worker may lack the initiative, managerial training, and poor
relations with co-workers and reluctance to carry out manual work. Inadequate safety training
and lack of skills for maintaining or keeping to rules and regulations of the company. It can
also be seen as insufficient loyalty skills to a constituted authority or organization. The training
needs and acquisition of skills are in great requirement in every points and situation mentioned
because these are likely to have adverse effects on employee’s productivity and retard industrial
progress in the country (Okorie, 2000:6).
Technical and Vocational Education
Skill acquisition in technical and vocational education involves the mastery of practical skills
and knowledge in any vocational and technical field of study. Skill acquisition in Nigerian
educational system could be through technical and vocational education. This is done through
teaching, training, retraining, practical experience and on-the-job training (Uzoka and Bayode,
2010).
Technical and vocational education is the education that provides the skills, knowledge and
attitude that lead to the production of individual who are resourceful and productive (Ndagi,
1998). Technical and vocational education emphasizes skills, knowledge and attitudinal
acquisition for productivity and self-reliance. Individual that is self-reliant can also be
classified under entrepreneurial cadre because he/her is self employed and a manager of his/her
own organization. Oladebo (1988) stated that the importance of technical and vocational
education cannot be over emphasized as it enables acquisition of skills and development of
attitude and knowledge which will enable young people to play their part in the business
community and help them to be self-reliant.
Skill acquisition can be attained in the following areas of vocational education:
? Industrial and trade
? Vocational agricultural education
? Home economics
? Business education
? Distributive education
Technical education empowers and prepares an individual to achieve its full potential for
contribution to a better quality life. Onwuka (2000) pointed out that through technical
education an individual is empowered to develop capabilities and values for the benefits of the
individual and that of the society. Entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education can be
acquired in a formal way of education. Although there are three existing forms of education:
formal and non-formal education. Formal education is the process of training and developing
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people in skill, mind, and knowledge, character in a structured and certified programme. It is
mainly classroom-based and provided by trained teachers. Teaching materials and methods are
advanced in formal education as compared to informal or non-formal education. In this study,
the researcher treated entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills in the formal education
system to assist the unemployed personnel to acquire the required skills and knowledge to
enable him perform in their assigned duties in the world of work. Hornby (2010) stated that
individual can acquire education through the process of teaching, training and learning
especially in institution to improve knowledge and develop skills. It follows therefore that
every individual including the emotionally challenged needs acquisition of skills and
knowledge in order to develop their potentials (Anike, 2014).
Constraints of Entrepreneurs, Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria
There are a lot of reasons for the failure of entrepreneurs in Nigeria according to Amera and
Emuwa (2011) and Ali-Momoh (2011). These researchers pointed out that there are inadequate
infrastructure/facilities like good road and power. There are challenges of electricity in Nigeria
and the problem is still the same till date. The issue of technology education has been a major
problem of the country. The institutions in Nigeria lack the technical know-how and most of
the science oriented courses are taught theoretically and the practical aspect of the courses are
not given thorough consideration.
The relevance and appropriateness of entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education
curricula for preparing individual for the world of work is not reviewed on a regular basic,
while, new machines, tools are manufactured for production in the company. A student that is
studying technical and practical, vocational subjects may not be opportune to handle lathe
machine, wood work machine or use farm tools, water can or tractor as the case may be. The
computer students are not left out, you cannot find computer education student using or
handling computer throughout his period of training in a computer room. In Nigeria
technologically, we cannot produce cars, vehicles, electrical or electronics instrument such as
television or radio. It is this inadequate technology mechanical farming that is still making
Nigerians to import most of goods and services needed by Nigerians (Ajayi, Akinmyowa,
Enaini and Olohi, 2012)
Government interference and political instability is another reason why entrepreneurs do not
succeed like entrepreneurs, technical and vocational education in developed countries. Nigeria
government activities and policies interfere in entrepreneurial growth in different cities all over
the country. The political activities and environment can in great way influence entrepreneurial
climate of the country a great deal. There are other hindrance to the growth of entrepreneurial
empire, technology and vocational advancement. There is mistrust, dishonesty and corruption.
These three points mentioned are major challenges to the growth of entrepreneurial, technology
and vocational skills and knowledge in Nigeria. The struggle to get rich is the reason for
corruption and the get rich syndrome can also facilitate individual to be dishonest and
eventually lead to mistrust in the business world. In Nigeria, the business entrepreneurs are not
reliable and some of the business men at the end of the month will refuse to pay their workers
salaries. Entrepreneurs are supposed to treat workers like co-partners of their business venture.
They should be honest in dealing with their employees’ (Ajayi, et al, 2012).
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Self-Reliance
An individual is said to be self-reliant when her/she can depend less on other people and his
family in the management of her human and material resources. The citizens will be self-reliant
when they have possible cause to access and utilize the essentials of life which includes good
food, clothing, shelters, medication, transportations, and functional education (Ofoye, 2010)
A self-reliant individual must be enterprising, he/she is enterprising when there is attributes of
verbal skills for selling, dominating, leading, conceives himself as a strong, masculine leader,
avoids well defined language or work situations requiring long periods of intellectual efforts,
is extraceptive, differs from the conventional types in that he prefers ambiguous social tasks
and has a greater concern with power status, and leadership, is orally aggressive (Okorie, 2000).
Vocational preferences, include business executive, buyer hotel manager, industrial relations
consultant, manufacturers, representative, master of ceremonies, political campaign manager,
real estate salesman, restaurant workers, speculator, sports promoter, stock and bond salesman,
television producer, travelling salesman and entrepreneurs that are self-reliant (Okorie,
2000:28).
Job Creation
Job can be defined as work done for which you receive regular payment. The oxford advanced
learner’s dictionary defined job as post, position, vacancy, placement, appointment or opening
(Hornby, 2006). The creation of job can be possible if the candidate or personnel has the
acquired entrepreneurial, technical or vocational skills needed to create or secure job either in
the industrial or become self-reliant individual. Job in the real sense is created for those that
need it, desire it and can effectively perform the expected skills to achieve the objectives of the
company. The trained entrepreneur, technical or vocational personnel can decide to be self-
reliant and also create job by employing others. The government of federal state local, non-
governmental agencies, international organization, united nations, individual can create job in
order to maximize profit. The multinational oil companies wearing the cap of investment can
create job in their exploration drive in Nigeria (Umunadi, 2010). The reason for job creation
is to produce goods and services and the establishment of the company must require skilled
personnel to actualize the objectives of the company.
Self-Reliance and Job creation
The social and economic environment in Nigeria with respect to technical and vocational
education, calls for the creation of a full partnership between employers and educators in
preparing individuals for the world of work. This is particularly true for those looking forward
to wage employment. However, for those who may finish with the hope and desire for self
employment, then the involvement of small businesses in technical and vocational education
programme becomes an absolute necessity. Technical and vocational education can expand its
horizons to provide new options for youth and contribute to increased productivity through
involvement in entrepreneurship education (Mndebele and Lukhele,1995). With a limited
industrial base, entrepreneurship education and self employment should be presented to
students as a career option in addition to the technical and vocational education. Processes for
entrepreneurship should be initiated at both the secondary and post secondary levels. The term
entrepreneurship describes individuals who have economic opportunities for themselves and
others through their ability to look beyond what presently exists within the job opportunity
arena (Mndebele and Lukhele, 1995). He further explained that entrepreneurs create new
businesses and can also reshape jobs into positions which are more productive. The need to
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expand individual abilities to analyse their own generic occupational skills in order to create
and expand the present economic base is critical for a sustainable economic growth.
CONCLUSION
Entrepreneurial, technical and vocational education can be explained as synonymous form of
training that seeks to develop one’s knowledge, skills, mind, attitude and character towards
self-reliant and job creation. These three areas are specially prepared to promote skills required
for the world of work in different areas of life endeavour. Entrepreneurial education can be
explained as a form of education given to entrepreneur who is willing to help, launch a new
venture or enterprise and accept full responsibility for the outcome. An entrepreneur can be
defined as an innovating individual who has developed an ongoing business activity where
none existed before. Entrepreneurship is the art of engaging in activities through which one can
earn a living, as well as providing employment opportunities for other. Technical and
vocational education is the education that provides the skills, knowledge and attitude that lead
to production of individual who are resourceful and productive. A resourceful and productive
personnel quality in technical and vocational educator can best explain the meeting point of an
entrepreneur, technical and vocational educator in era of joblessness, unemployment and
eradication of poverty in our society. As a result it is important that the reader of this paper can
be helped to become independent, self reliant and job creator through exposure to
entrepreneurial, technical and vocational skills and knowledge that can assist them survive and
create wealth in their environment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
i) Government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities like goods and power.
Electricity supply should be given priority to solve the problems of epileptic power supply in
Nigeria.
ii) Technology education must be given due attention by the government and the teachers
in secondary and tertiary institution. Practical aspect of practical oriented course should be
taught with relevant tools and equipment in a will equipped workshops.
iii) Government should encourage local entrepreneur to establish manufacturing industries
to produce local materials for cars, computers electronics equipment, television to reduce
importation of manufactured goods in the country.
iv) Government should set-up entrepreneurial technical and vocational training centre to
produce the required skilled personnel to cater for the local demands of skilled personnel in
Nigeria.
v) Entrepreneurial centres in our institutions in Nigeria must be equipped and utilized to
assist the university and other institution to bridge gap created by the theoretical nature of our
entrepreneurial technical and vocational education programme in our institution.
vi) Government should set-up a joint curricula of entrepreneurial, technical and vocational
education to x-ray the possibilities of mismatching skills knowledge and initiatives or the
acquisition of skills for self-reliant and job creation.
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