Description
The purpose of this paper is to study the different effects of second home tourism
development and its comparative analysis fromthe view of owners and residents in Shirin- Dareh Region
of Iran.
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
Effects of second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran (case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)
Aliakbar Anabestani
Article information:
To cite this document:
Aliakbar Anabestani , (2014),"Effects of second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran (case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)",
International J ournal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 8 Iss 1 pp. 58 - 73
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Effects of second home tourism on rural
settlements development in Iran
(case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)
Aliakbar Anabestani
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the different effects of second home tourism
development and its comparative analysis fromthe viewof owners and residents in Shirin- Dareh Region
of Iran.
Design/methodology/approach – Applied methodology is based on empirical studies and
descriptive-analytical methods. In order to do this, seven rural areas were selected with 1,188
households as the volume of sample society by Cochran formula, and 218 questionnaires were
distributed between them in two groups of owners and residents.
Findings – There is a strong correlation between second home tourism development and changes in
social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions. The impact of the variable of the second
home tourism development on changes in rural life was approximately 0.449 which reveals the average
impact of second home tourism in the study area. Investments by none-indigenous with a co-ef?cient of
41.8 per cent have had the greatest role in different changes in rural life.
Research limitations/implications – The generalizability of results to other countries is limited.
Practical implications – This study and studies similar to it have led to adopted comprehensive
approaches to tourism and second homes in Iran and other Third World countries.
Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by including socio-economic variables in the
domestic tourism and second home model. So this paper has a new subject and in practical aspects it
tries to take a general solution to second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran.
Keywords Environmental changes, Physical changes, Second homes tourism, Shirin-dareh,
Social and economic changes, Iran
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
1.1 Statement of problem
Nowadays, residents of urban areas try to escape different kinds of biological pollutions
which are constantly threatening them; they try to spend their leisure time in quiet and virgin
lands. Thus, tourism in the form of rural second home is a phenomenon that has affected
rural areas in recent decades (Anabestani, 2010). Second home tourism is one of the
patterns of tourism development, especially in rural and mountainous areas which is
provided through expanding the ownership of second homes (vacation home or country
house) (William and Hall, 2000). This type of tourism is probably the most important form of
tourism development in rural areas which is now growing signi?cantly quickly in many areas,
especially in rural areas around metropolitan cities. Leisure time turns out to be one of the
basic needs of contemporary societies. Therefore, it has developed as a way of spending
one’s leisure time (Seydaee et al., 2010, p. 20). Rural areas are among the places which are
used to serve this purpose, and accordingly the majority of the second homes are
constructed in rural areas (Shokri, 2005).
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Aliakbar Anabestani is
based in the Geography
Department at Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran.
Received 11 November 2012
Revised 8 May 2013
Accepted 20 June 2013
The author would like to thank
Dr Kharazmi, Assistant Prof of
Geography Department at
Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad for assistance in
preparing this article.
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There is no generally approved de?nition for ‘‘second home’’. Second homes or secondary
residences are houses built by residents of cities for spending their leisure time in nice
weather rural areas and are known as country house, or vacation home. (Rezvani, 2003).
Residence in such settlements is regarded as a type of tourism. (Dereo, 1996). However,
dictionary of Human Geography de?nes ‘‘rural second home’’ as houses that are purchased
or leased for a long time by the households living in other areas. Such houses are usually
located in rural areas and are used for recreational purposes. They are also known as
vacation home or country house (Johnston, 1988). Competent management of second home
tourism could make way for sustainable development in rural areas. In some countries
through ownership of second homes, rural tourism has acted as a tool for sustainable
development in rural areas (Rezvani and Safaee, 2005).
In this study, by second-home tourism in the study area, we mean those houses which are
occupied by non- local people just for some parts of a year. Shirin-dareh rural district in
Quchan County is one of the areas which has a great capacity for rural tourismdevelopment.
This area enjoys the proximity to Atrak River, lush gardens, beautiful mountains and valleys;
other geographical and climatic conditions have also added to the beauty and attraction of
this area. Furthermore, due to its proximity and easy access to Quchan County and its
special natural attractions, Shirin-dareh has drawn the attention of tourists, especially
second home owners.
The development of such houses has different social, economic, environmental and physical
effects on rural areas. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the effects of second home
tourism on development of rural areas from the perspective of both owners and residents of
Shirin-dareh rural area, in Quchan County of Iran in 2000s. Given that no such a research has
been conducted on the study area, this study is an original one, and is of signi?cant
importance as there are only a few studies in English about second home tourism in Iran.
Second home tourism has been a subject of study by researchers from different ?elds such
as geography, tourism, planning, economics, and sociology over the past three decades
(Gallent and Tewdwr-Jones, 2001).
1.2 Background of research
After the Second World War, due to the phenomenon of rurality in foreign countries, more
studies have been conducted on effects of second home tourism; some of them are
described in following lines.
Studies on effects of second home tourism in England and Norway show that rise in demand
for construction of second homes in these two areas, in 75 percent of cases, ended up in rise
in rural house prices (Gallent et al., 2003). Furthermore, studies on demand for suburban
houses in Europe reveal the increasing demands and excessive pressure on environment
and rural scenes (Gallent et al., 2005). Studies on emergence of second homes in the
mountainous regions of Norway show that environmentalist views (using natural sceneries)
have played a greater role in development of second home tourism (Kaltenborn et al., 2009).
Results of studies on construction of second homes in Washington State in the USA show
that the desire of second home owners for privacy is re?ected in patterns of spatial isolation
in the study area. Such patterns are heavily in?uenced by environmentalist thoughts (Kondo
et al., 2012). In the era of globalization, researches on tendency of middle age residents of
Hong Kong for construction of second homes on the mainland show that this tendency is in
line with middle-income people’s desire for having a greater recreational and residential
environment for escaping from urban everyday life (Man Hui and Hung Yu, 2009).
Little use of second homes by owners leads to heavy social and economic costs. To the
extent that the amount of rent paid for second homes in Alpnarena in Switzerland depended
on the owners’ age and the time they have bought the house. Therefore, some strategies
should be adopted to encourage the owners to lease their second homes (Bieger et al.,
2007). In Finland, second homes are regarded as quiet areas, places for experiencing
traditional rural way of life and traditional activities related to leisure and recreation
(Vepsalainena and Pitkanen, 2010). In Norway, studies on increasing number of second
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homes and their implications show that the differences in both micro and macro level (local
and rural elites particularly those with direct economic interests in dealing with second
homes) are positive and in line with further development. Though, given the high investment,
it seems that rise in number of second homes was associated with local support (Fredrik
Rye, 2011).
Although second home tourism in rural areas of Iran in its modern form, is a new
phenomenon and does not have a long history, some studies have been conducted by
researchers across the country which follows: Rezvani and Safaee (2005) in second home
tourism and its effects on rural areas: a threat or an opportunity for rural areas in north Tehran
(Lavasanat and Rud-bar Qasran district) showed that on the one hand the lack of planning
and poor management of existing opportunities in the ?eld of tourism and social, economic
revival of the rural area on the other hand are not properly used to ful?ll the leisure needs of
Tehran citizens. In contrast, threats associated with tourism have had adverse
consequences such as contamination of water resources, destruction of natural
landscapes, degradation and change in the use of gardens and lands, increased
immigration social dualism, and downturn of agricultural activities. Nowzari (2007) in his
study about the role of second homes in land-use change and economic development of
Kordan rural area has reached the conclusion that second home development in the study
area had negative impacts such as change in the amount of water resources, damage to
natural landscape, destruction of gardens or change in their use. However, it had some
positive economic outcomes such as employment and job creation, rise in residents’ income
and increased general welfare of the people in the rural area.
Mahdavi et al. (2008) in their study on the role and impact of second homes on social,
economic structure in Kelardasht region believe that Kelardasht’s privileged position for
tourism and resorts for urban residents, have led to second home increase and the
occurrence of this phenomenon in the rural areas had a signi?cant effect on social,
economic development of the area. It should be emphasized that construction in this area
was often in a somewhat haphazard way and consequently gave rise to inconsistency in the
appearance of the environment and its peripheral structure. Persistence of this trend is
against the sustainability of the environment and rural development. Rezvani et al. (2011) in
a comparative analysis of the economic impacts of tourism on second homes and tourism in
rural areas, with a sustainable development approach showed that based on the views of the
locals, the economic impact of second home tourismis larger and totally there is a signi?cant
difference between the economic impact of these two patterns. Qadir Niya et al. (2011) in
examining the consequences of increased villa construction (second homes) in rural areas
of Tarrud district in Damavand County concluded that negative social, economic and
physical consequences of second home increase are far greater than their positive effects.
Ziyaee and Salehi-nasab (2008) on typology of second homes and their physical effects on
rural areas in Rud-bar Qasran region concluded that their physical effects on rural societies
should be examined separately with emphasis on typology of tourists and comparing the
dominant pattern of the previous and present tourists of the second-homes. The study
results showed that the negative effects resulting from the presence of earlier
non-indigenous owners of second homes is far less than the corresponding effects from
the newnon-indigenous owners of second homes. Rahnemaee et al. (2008) in examining the
capacity of tourism destinations with an emphasis on the host community in Kelardasht
region showed that given the host community, Kelardasht region has different capacities for
its different types of tourists. In a way that, considering the function of second home tourists,
the capacity of the region has reached its threshold. However, they have not reached the
approved threshold for tourists who stay at least one night (accommodation tourists).
Furthermore, from the host community’s perspective, the capacity of Kelardasht area
depends on people’s attitude towards tourists who are economically effective or functionally
destructive (their in?uence on the environment), and so on.
Amar and Berenjkar (2009) in their geographical analysis of second-homes’ distribution in
rural areas of Bandar Anzali County after the Islamic Revolution believed that the expansion
of second-homes in the area is affected by the geographical conditions and local plans,
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such as the free zone. Anabestani (2009) investigating the physical effects of second-homes
in development of rural settlements in rural villa of Mashhad City believed that tourist
attractions in rural villa of Mashhad have provided some opportunities both for meeting the
growing needs of residents of metropolitan areas for leisure centers and making way for
social, economic and cultural revitalization. Nevertheless, beside these opportunities,
tourists have made some threats including changing orchards to residential buildings, the
use of materials and architectural patterns inconsistent with environment, violation of river
frontage, soil and water contamination. Seydaee et al. (2010) in their study on the effects of
second homes on development of Baghe-bahadoran region in Lenjan County believed that
given the natural capabilities in this area including Zayandeh-rud, easy access and quiet
environment have provided good conditions for attracting investments of Isfahan residents.
Therefore, expansion of second homes has had both positive and negative effects.
2. Theoretical framework
Nowadays, tourism in rural and remote areas is of great importance and acts as tool for
improving welfare. Derek Hall and Robert’s studies in the ?eld of rural tourism show that
tourism in rural areas includes 10 up to 20 percent of all tourism activities (Robert and Hall,
2001). With the expansion of urbanization and rural migration to urban areas on one hand
and income increase on the other hands, the required socio-economic background for
tourism began to be provided in countries. Therefore, rural tourism along with other types of
tourism emerged as a part of tourism and construction of second-homes in nice weather
surrounding rural areas near large cities particularly Tehran has thrived. After the Islamic
Revolution, this trend has expanded to other parts of the country (Ghasemi, 2009).
The most important factors and motives for expansion of second homes in rural areas could
be summarized as (Research ?ndings, 2012):
B Climatic and geographical differences.
B Rural-urban migration.
B Environmental pollution and overpopulation in cities.
B Improved ways of communication and traveling, and increased private vehicles.
B Anti-urbanism and expansion of second-homes.
Researchers believe there is a direct correlation between the promotion of tourism and
objective and subjective criteria for its socio-economic and environmental effects on host
community (Johnston et al., 1994). Butler also believes there is a direct correlation between
the level of tourism development and negative attitudes to its socio-economic and
environmental effects on host community. In the initial stage of tourism development, a lot of
inhabitants’ desire are met because of considerable economic bene?ts, but after a while due
to unfavorable changes in natural environment and the type of tourists attracted, gradually
people’s positive attitudes towards tourism change to negative ones (Smith and Krannich,
1998). The main assumption in all views is that all residents’ quality of life has improved in the
early stages of tourism development, but the carrying capacity of the environment reaches
to a point that further development of tourism causes negative changes in the destination
environment (Aliqoli Zadeh Firuzjany et al., 2007).
The most important consequences of second home tourism development in Iran could be
examined in the following dimensions:
B Economic impacts. In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are examined: job
creation, income increase, rise in price of land, goods and services, discontinuation of
agricultural activities, increasing costs of living, help to provide basic services, increased
public and rural welfare, increased income disparity between the rural people
(Rahnemaee et al., 2008 and Rezvani et al., 2011).
B Social and cultural impacts. In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are
examined: increased awareness and knowledge among the people of the area, social
and cultural duality between tourists and villagers, imitating the life style of tourists, the
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impact of rural-urban migration process, undermining the local culture and tradition,
reduced social cohesion and rise in social abnormalities (Mahdavi et al., 2008 and Qadir
Niya et al., 2011).
B Physical impacts. In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are examined:
changes in garden and farm use, orchards converted to residential buildings, change in
rural texture and construction, violation of river frontage and coastal lands, probable loss
of housing for local people, destruction of rural landscape (Ziyaee and Salehi-nasab,
2008 and Anabestani, 2009).
B Environmental impacts In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are examined:
air and sound pollution, contamination of rivers, the removal of vegetation, degradation or
change in environment, landscape, and natural resources (Nowzari, 2007 and Seydaee
et al., 2010).
The conceptual model of the study was designed based on the ?ndings of previous studies
(Figure 1). In this model to examine the effects of second home tourism on different aspects
of rural life, the Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression were used, as they
showed the effects of second home tourism indexes on villagers’ life. To compare the views
of residents and owners of second homes and implications of tourism, we applied T-student
and Mann-Whitney comparative tests.
Figure 1 Conceptual model of the study
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3. Materials and methods
3.1 Location of the study area
Shirin-Dareh Dehestan with an area of 620.4 square kilometers is located in 5.5 kilometers
north east of Quchan County and its Central Dehestan is Mezerj village. It is between the
longitudes of 37.01 to 37.16 and latitude of 58.20 to 58.60. This Dehestan is neighboring
Soudelaneh Dehestan in south, Miyan-Kuh Dehestan and Dargaz County in north east,
Bajgiran District in north and northwest, and Quchan-atigh Dehestan in west (Figure 2).
Natural environment, temperate climate, mountains, lush gardens, river and villages at the
foot of the mountains have made this area a proper location for recreation. On one hand the
abundance of water and springs, and on the other hand limited soil and farmlands, and
valleys protected against winds and accordingly suitable for growing trees have made the
villagers make maximum use of the minimum lands and slopes overlooking the valley, and
that is the only way for villagers to make their livings (Rezazadeh, 2005). Such villages are
generally developed along rivers and streams and spread linearly along the roadside and
attract many tourists every year.
3.2 Research questions and hypotheses
Considering the high potential of the study area in attracting tourist, in this study we are
trying to ?nd that to what extent the study area has been successful in attracting
second-home tourists? And also we seek to know from residents and owners’ view to what
extent the tourism of second homes have made way for changes in different dimensions of
Figure 2 Location of the study area
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rural life? For this purpose, in providing answer to the research questions, the following
hypotheses were developed:
H1. It seems that from the perspective of residents and homeowners in the rural areas,
development of second-home tourism has resulted in economic and social
changes.
H2. It seems that from the perspective of residents and homeowners in the rural areas,
development of second-home tourism has resulted in environmental and physical
changes.
3.3 Research method
In terms of the aim of the study, this is an applied research and in terms of methodology this
is a descriptive-analytical one. Some parts of the data were collected through ?eld studies
and questionnaires and the other parts like the theoretical-conceptual framework,
documentations and the census were collected through library research method.
Shirin-dareh Dehestan has 32 rural areas and a population of 16,778 people. Seven rural
areas with a population of 1,184 households include second homes and were selected as
sample rural areas of this study. To estimate the sample size, we applied Cochran sampling
method with a con?dence level of 95 percent and the error probability of 5 percent. 218
people were questioned, 163 were rural residents and 55 were second home tourists
(Table I). In this study, simple random sampling method was applied. After data collection
and data processing, we turned to data analysis and their explanation in the study area.
3.4. Indexes and variables
To investigate the effects of second home tourism on rural communities, a main variable with
four indexes of economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions were de?ned and
the total indexes were evaluated by 27 indicators (items). All items were arranged based on
Likert scale (Very low, Low, Moderate, High, Very high), and their reliability was con?rmed by
Cronbach’s Alpha with a validity of 89 percent (Table II).
Table I Sample villages and sample size in each village
Villages
Number of
households
Total
Population
Number of second
homes
Number of questionnaires
(residents)
Number of questionnaires
(owners)
Hey Hey 351 1,452 12 49 5
Qeytaqy 77 356 7 10 2
Chalaky 41 130 11 6 5
Yusuf-khan 121 415 16 17 7
Paryabad 103 441 11 14 5
Bad-khor 110 458 27 15 11
Yadak 381 1,654 48 52 20
Sum 1,184 4,906 132 163 55
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
Table II Variables of second home tourism and their effects on rural life and indexes used to measure them
Variables Index Indicators (items) Reliability coef?cient (Cronbach alpha)
Second homes tourism – 7 0.64
Changes in rural life Social dimension 4 0.62
Economic dimension 6 0.76
Physical dimension 5 0.81
Environmental dimension 5 0.91
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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4. Research results
4.1 Development of second-home tourism in the region
To assess the status of second home tourism development in the rural areas, we have used
indexes such as land speculation and the sale or purchase of land in the rural areas,
non-indigenous people living in the rural areas, investment in rural areas by non-indigenous
people, expansion of new constructions in rural areas, and development of new housing
patterns in rural areas. As in this study we have used Likert scale to evaluate the items, and
the theoretical median was 2.5. The average second home tourism development in the
sample rural communities was 2.95 which is larger than theoretical median and is assessed
as a good level. The owners’ assessment of the variable was 3.28 and the residents’
assessment was 2.84 which shows that owners’ attitude towards this type of tourism in the
villages of the area is more positive than that of residents. Among the items of the study, the
highest value belonged to land speculation, the sale and purchase of land in the rural areas
with an average of 3.2, and the lowest value belonged to investment of non-indigenous
people in the rural area with an average of 2.44. To compare expected frequencies,
Pearson’s Chi-square test was used, and the research ?ndings show that with a con?dence
level of 95 percent, there are suf?cient reasons for rejecting the null hypothesis. In other
words, there is a signi?cant difference between the rural communities in their motives for
responding the above mentioned questions (Table III).
4.2 Effects of second-home tourism development in the rural areas
For assessment of the effects of second-home tourism development in rural areas we have
used four indexes of changes in social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions,
and to explain these indexes we have used 20 indicators (items). As in this study we have
used Likert scale to evaluate the items, and as the theoretical median was 2.5., the average
status of four indexes of changes caused by second home tourism development in the
sample rural communities was between 2.06 (for environmental index) and 2.67 (in physical
changes). Therefore, based on the comments made by residents and owners, second home
tourism in the area had brought about the greatest change in the physical dimensions and
appearance of the rural settlements. The owners’ assessment of this variable was 3.84 and
the residents’ assessment was 2.61which re?ect the owners’ more careful attention to this
type of tourism and resulted physical changes in the villages of the study area (Table IV).
Among 20 surveyed items in this section, the highest value belonged to rise in rural land
price with an average of 3.59, and the lowest value belonged to destruction of beautiful
sceneries in the rural area with an average of 1.89. The above items in the survey from
residents and owners were believed to have been exposed to the highest and lowest
in?uence from second-home tourism. For comparison of the expected frequencies with the
acquired proportions, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used and the ?ndings showed that with
a con?dence level of 95 percent, there are suf?cient reasons for rejecting the null hypothesis.
In other words, there is a signi?cant difference between the rural communities in their
motives to respond to above questions.
Table III Comparison of the residents and owners’ view on development of second home tourism in the area
Indicator (Item) Total Residents Owners
Land speculation and the sale of land in the village 3.2 3.12 3.45
Non-indigenous people living in the countryside 3 2.97 3.07
Investments in non-rural village 2.44 2.24 3.05
New construction development in rural 2.61 2.48 2.96
Patterns of new housing development in the countryside 3.34 3.22 3.71
Investment in real estate in the village 3.04 2.92 3.41
Renovation of old houses into new homes 3.04 2.94 3.33
Second homes tourism development vary 2.95 2.84 3.28
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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4.3 Comparative analysis of views of owners and residents about rural second home-tourism
In this part Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to con?rm the data normality. The results
showed that only the variable of second home tourism development is normal. For this
variable, parametric t-test with independent samples was used and for the other variables
that are not normal, Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used.
Considering the t-test results with independent samples for the variable of second home
tourism development, the p-value of variance homogeneity test carried out before t-test was
equal to 0.830 which is larger than 0.05. Thus, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was
accepted and the ?rst row of t-test was used. The p-value of t-test is 0.000 which is smaller
than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis which was based on equal means of two samples
was rejected (Table V). The result is that there is a signi?cant difference between the views of
owners and residents about the development of second home tourism in the area.
Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for comparative analysis of the effects of
second home tourism development in social, economic, physical and environmental
dimensions. The results show that the p-value for Mann-Whitney for environmental and
economic variables was between 0.002 and 0.003 which is smaller than 0.05. Therefore, the
null hypothesis which was based on equal means for the two groups was rejected, and as a
Table IV The effects of second home tourism development in rural areas
Index Indicator (item) Total Residents Owners
Social dimension Rural-urban migration 2.78 2.62 3.24
Increased socio-cultural abnormalities in the rural areas 1.85 1.98 1.95
Improved cultural awareness of the residents 3.01 2.94 3.22
Decreased social and family cohesion in the rural areas 1.93 1.91 1.96
Sum 2.33 2.3 2.43
Economic dimension Rise in villagers’ income 2.12 1.94 2.67
Rise in land price 3.59 3.55 3.71
Job creation in the rural area 2.06 1.84 2.71
Marketing of agricultural products 2.30 2.2 2.60
Inability of the youth to afford a land or house 2.52 2.62 2.22
Help to provide basic services 2.2 2.2 2.75
Sum 2.46 2.36 2.77
Physical dimension Destruction of orchards 2.04 2.06 2
Destruction of agricultural lands 1.98 1.98 1.98
Improved housing quality 3.39 3.29 3.71
Rise in construction 3.4 3.31 3.67
Improved rural roads and services 2.52 2.42 2.84
Sum 2.67 2.61 2.84
Environmental dimension Contamination of water resources 2.01 2.10 1.72
Air and sound pollution 1.92 1.96 1.78
Destruction of beautiful landscape and scenery 1.89 1.97 1.64
Degradation or change in environment 2.05 2.19 1.64
To leave garbage in the rural areas 2.47 2.71 1.78
Sum 2.06 2.18 1.72
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
Table V T-test results with independent samples to compare the views of residents and owners about the development of
second home tourism
Lone test for homogeneity of
variances t-test for equality of means
Assumption of the homogeneity of variances Fisher test statistic p value test t-test statistic Degrees of freedom p value test
Development of second-home tourism 0.046 0.83 3.873 216 0.000
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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result there is a signi?cant differences between the views of owners and residents about the
economic and environmental changes resulted from the development of second home
tourism in the area (Table VI). This result is somewhat reasonable, because the owners
believe that their presence had some positive economic impacts on rural areas, and would
have the least environmental problems in the rural areas, on the contrary the villagers believe
that tourism of second homes in rural areas had adverse economic impacts (such as
increased land prices, etc.) and rural landscape has also been degraded and the
appearance of rural environmental had been destroyed.
The p-value of Mann-Whitney test for variables related to physical and social changes in the
study area was between 0.057 and 0.159 which is larger than 0.05, as a result the null
hypothesis which was based on equal means for the two samples was accepted. In other
words, there was no signi?cant difference between the views of owners and residents about
the social and physical changes resulted from second home tourism in the villages of the
study area.
4.4 Spatial analysis of the relationship between second home tourism and its consequences
for rural areas
In this part to investigate the relationship between second home tourism development and
its consequences for the rural areas of the study, we used Pearson homogeneity test.
Considering the homogeneity test, where p-value is smaller than 0.05, the null hypothesis
which is based on insigni?cant relationship between independent and dependent variables
is rejected. In spatial analysis of the relationship between development of second home
tourism and social and economic change, only in two villages of Paryabad (in social
dimension) and Qeytaqy (in economic dimension) no signi?cant relationship was found.
However, in other villages, there was a signi?cant relation. In spatial analysis of the
relationship between development of second home tourism and environmental change in
most villages such as Hey Hey, Chalaky, Yusef-khan, Paryabad and Bad-khor no signi?cant
relationship was found and only in two villages of Yadak and Qeytaqy this relationship was
signi?cant (Table VII). So we can say that second home tourismdevelopment has not yet had
signi?cant impact on environmental changes. In spatial analysis of the relationship between
physical changes in the rural context and second home tourism development, in all cases a
signi?cant relationship was observed between these two variables. Finally, there was a
signi?cant relationship between development of second home tourism and its impacts on
various dimensions of rural life in the study area (Figure 3). As a result, development of
second home tourism in rural areas has affected many aspects of rural life.
4.5 The effects of second home tourism development in different dimensions of villagers’ life
In this study, stepwise regression method was used to determine the relative contribution of
the independent variables (second home tourism development) in the dependent variable
(changes in four dimensions of villagers’ life) (see Table VIII). In this method, the variable
which has the greatest effect on the dependent variable, enters the model ?rst; and other
variables would be re-examined so that they might enter the model (Firuz-Jaeeyan and
Jahangiri, 2008). Accordingly, the value of determination coef?cient would be 0.449, which
shows that independent variable (second home tourism development) explains 45 percent
of the changes related to dependent variable (changes in the villagers’ life). According to
Table VI Results of Mann-Whitney test to compare the views of residents and owners
about the effects of second home tourism development
Variable Mann-Whitney test statistic p-value test
Social 3915 0.159
Economic 3289 0.003
Physical 3715 0.057
Environmental 3250 0.002
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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ANOVATable, the p-value or the level of signi?cance is 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. As a
result, the null hypothesis of the test which was based on insigni?cance of regression model
was rejected with a con?dence level of 99 percent. Therefore, the regression model is
statistically signi?cant.
According to ?ndings of Table VIII, only the p-Value of the variables of land speculation,
renovation of old houses are more than 0.05, in other words the effects of the these variables
is not signi?cant in the model. Accordingly, the variable of investment by non-indigenous
people would be the strongest indicator of changes in different dimensions of villages’ life.
That is to say, the more investment the owners of second homes make in real estate and
other cases in rural areas, the more changes would occur in villagers’ life. Among these
Table VII The relation between second home tourism development and its impacts on each village
Name of village
Variables Description Hey Hey Yadak Yusuf-khan Chalaky Qeytaqy Bad-khor Paryabad
Social The correlation coef?cient 0.353 0.530 0.297 0.640 0.890 0.443 0.015
p-value 0.009 0.000 0.158* 0.034 0.000 0.023 0.951*
Economic correlation coef?cient 0.386 0.632 0.609 0.751 0.515 0.701 0.494
p-value 0.004 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.087* 0.000 0.032
Physical Correlation coef?cient 0.345 0.663 0.490 0.890 0.657 0.390 0.697
p-value 0.011 0.000 0.15 0.000 0.020 0.049 0.001
Environmental Correlation coef?cient 0.234 0.301 20.067 0.208 0.646 0.358 0.301
p-value 0.089* 0.010 0.755* 0.539* 0.023 0.072* 0.210*
Total Correlation coef?cient 0.407 0.627 0.435 0.748 0.812 0.671 0.557
p-value 0.002 0.000 0.034 0.008 0.001 0.000 0.013
Note: * There is no signi?cant relationship between the variables
Source: Research ?ndings, 2012
Figure 3 The spatial distribution of relation between rural second home tourism and its
consequences
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variables, residence of non-indigenous people in rural areas had negative impacts on
changes in rural life. As the independent variables of land speculation, renovation of old
houses were not included in the model (Figure 4), the regression model would be as follows:
Changes in villagers’ life ¼ 1:232 2ð20:139Þ* residence of non-indigenous people þ0.418*
investment by non-rural people þ0.131* expansion of non-indigenous housing þ0.092*
investment in real estate.
5. Discussion
The results of the present study on the expansion of second homes in the study area show
that home owners have sought refuge in the rural settlements to avoid environmental
pollution in urban areas which is in agreement with the results of overseas studies in this area
(Kaltenborn et al., 2009; Kondo et al., 2012; Vepsalainena and Pitkanen, 2010; Fredrik Rye,
Table VIII The effects of second home tourism development in different dimensions of villagers’ life
Parameter estimates
Independent variables Value
Standard
deviation
Standardized
coef?cients
(b) t statistic
Signi?cance
level Result
Constant
a
1.232 0.155 – 7.945 0.000 The model was signi?cant
Land speculation in the rural areas 0.045 0.034 0.086 1.318 0.189 The model was not signi?cant
Residence of none-indigenous people 20.08 0.03 20.139 22.646 0.009 The model was signi?cant
Investment by non-rural people 0.233 0.038 0.418 5.921 0.000 The model was signi?cant
Expansion of non-indigenous housing 0.112 0.04 0.176 2.813 0.005 The model was signi?cant
Investment in real estate 0.073 0.034 0.131 2.138 0.034 The model was signi?cant
Renovation of old houses 0.047 0.027 0.092 1.714 0.088 The model was not signi?cant
Note:
a
Dependent variable: changes in villagers’ life
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
Figure 4 The effects of second home tourism in villagers’ life based on standardized
values b ð Þ
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2011). It is consistent with study results (Man Hui, Hung Yu, 2009) on the tendency of
middle-income people to escape from urban life, though in this study the people we called
them ‘‘indigenous owners’’, are more inclined to have a house in their ancestral land, in this
study we have regarded such houses as second homes too.
The studies conducted by Iranian researchers in the ?eld of second home tourism impacts
(Mahdavi et al., 2008, Rezvani et al., 2011, Qadir Niya et al., 2011, Anabestani, 2009, etc.)
af?rm that expansion of second-homes in rural areas would have different impacts on
economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions. But in this study there is a
signi?cant difference between the views of the residents and owners about the
environmental and economic impacts. In a way that owners compared to villagers regard
the economic impacts of their presence as more signi?cant, while the villagers believed that
environment impacts of second home owners in rural areas are more signi?cant. On the
other hand, in this study compared to previous ones, we found that among the indexes of
second home tourism, residence of non-indigenous people, investment by non-rural people,
expansion of non-indigenous housing and investment in real estate have made way for
changes in different dimensions of rural life.
6. Conclusion and remarks
Overview of the research process shows that second home tourism development in the
study area has affected the life of the villagers. Research ?ndings show that there is a
positive and direct correlation between second home tourism development and changes in
social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions of life in rural communities. That is
to say, if the development of second home tourism promotes in a rural area, proportionally
there would more changes in living conditions of rural communities. Among the factors
causing the changes in the villagers’ life, investment by non-indigenous people had the
greatest role in paving the way for changes in villagers’ life, as it explains more than 41.8
percent of changes. The comparative analysis of the views of the owners and residents
about the independent variable of second home tourism development and four dependent
variables in social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions showed that Mann
Whitney and t-tests indicate that there is a signi?cant difference between the views of the
residents and owners about the development of second home tourism and changes in
economic and environmental dimensions, though on physical and social changes no
signi?cant difference was observed in the views of the two groups. On the other hand, the
investigation of the relations between the second home tourism development and changes
in the villages’ life indicate that there is a direct and linear relation between these two
variables, and this signi?cant relation did not exist in dependent variable of environmental
changes in most villages (except Qeytaqy and Yadak). Considering the obtained results for
this test, the signi?cance level of the test is 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. Therefore the
null hypothesis of the test which was based on insigni?cant relationship between second
home tourism development and social, economic, physical and environmental changes is
rejected. The correlation coef?cients of 0.502 and 0.430 con?rm the role of second home
tourism development in paving the way for changes in villagers’ life. In this study villagers’
distrust in answering the questions was one of the problems of the study; furthermore,
owners of second homes tended to justify their presence in the rural area, these problems
had partly affected the study results.
Given these conditions, it should be noted that the positive effects of second home tourism
development on local communities would not occur in a natural way; therefor, to achieve
these effect, second home tourism should be managed effectively. For management of
second home tourism development in the villages of the study area, the following measures
could be helpful:
B To make an integrated management system for second home tourism in the area with
coordination of relevant agencies and institutions, and participation of residents (host
community).
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B To establish a management system in the area (EIA) ‘‘Evaluation of Impact Association’’
and its application as a tool for improving or correcting management procedures.
B To conduct land use studies based on the evaluation of the ecological capacities to
control and determine the future development of second homes in rural areas.
B To conduct studies and implement solid waste management projects in rural areas to
prevent environmental hazards in the region.
B To make executive bylaws related to landscape planning and rural environment in the
study area to protect precious rural environment and pay special attention to rural
tourism.
B To make and enforce regulations related to changing gardens, lands and farms to second
homes to control the excessive construction in rural areas.
B To enforce regulations related to river frontage and prevent its violation by owners of
second homes in rural areas.
B To achieve better results in this area, we recommend detailed studies on the impacts of
second home tourism on rural areas across Iran and a comprehensive study to examine
the impacts of this phenomenon on all the rural areas of Iran.
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Khorasan-e-Razavi, Mashhad.
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About the author
Aliakbar Anabestani is a University faculty member (Associate Prof, N.12), at Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad. He has held the following positions: Chairman of Geographical and
Social Research Center from 2004 to 2008 at Hakim-e-Sazevari University; Director of
University’s relationship with the community from 2004 to 2008 at Hakim-e-Sazevari
University; Editorial board in Geographical Studies Journal from 2005 to 2010 at
Hakim-e-Sazevari University; Executive Director of Geography and Regional Development
from 2010 to 2012 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Editor Chief of Journal of Research
& Rural Planning from 2012 to present day at Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad; and Editoral
Board of Geography and Urban development from 2012 to present day at Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad. He holds a BA in Human Geography from Tehran University (1995);
an MA in Geography and Rural Planning fromFerdowsi University of Mashhad (1997); and a
PhD in Geography and Rural Planning from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (2003). His
professional ?elds and scienti?c research are in rural planning, rural tourism, conducting of
rural guidance plan, conducting of urban guidance plan, studies of natural resources,
deserti?cation and watershed management, suburban studies and GIS. Aliakbar
Anabestani can be contacted at: [email protected]
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doc_503643581.pdf
The purpose of this paper is to study the different effects of second home tourism
development and its comparative analysis fromthe view of owners and residents in Shirin- Dareh Region
of Iran.
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
Effects of second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran (case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)
Aliakbar Anabestani
Article information:
To cite this document:
Aliakbar Anabestani , (2014),"Effects of second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran (case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)",
International J ournal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 8 Iss 1 pp. 58 - 73
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Effects of second home tourism on rural
settlements development in Iran
(case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)
Aliakbar Anabestani
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the different effects of second home tourism
development and its comparative analysis fromthe viewof owners and residents in Shirin- Dareh Region
of Iran.
Design/methodology/approach – Applied methodology is based on empirical studies and
descriptive-analytical methods. In order to do this, seven rural areas were selected with 1,188
households as the volume of sample society by Cochran formula, and 218 questionnaires were
distributed between them in two groups of owners and residents.
Findings – There is a strong correlation between second home tourism development and changes in
social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions. The impact of the variable of the second
home tourism development on changes in rural life was approximately 0.449 which reveals the average
impact of second home tourism in the study area. Investments by none-indigenous with a co-ef?cient of
41.8 per cent have had the greatest role in different changes in rural life.
Research limitations/implications – The generalizability of results to other countries is limited.
Practical implications – This study and studies similar to it have led to adopted comprehensive
approaches to tourism and second homes in Iran and other Third World countries.
Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by including socio-economic variables in the
domestic tourism and second home model. So this paper has a new subject and in practical aspects it
tries to take a general solution to second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran.
Keywords Environmental changes, Physical changes, Second homes tourism, Shirin-dareh,
Social and economic changes, Iran
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
1.1 Statement of problem
Nowadays, residents of urban areas try to escape different kinds of biological pollutions
which are constantly threatening them; they try to spend their leisure time in quiet and virgin
lands. Thus, tourism in the form of rural second home is a phenomenon that has affected
rural areas in recent decades (Anabestani, 2010). Second home tourism is one of the
patterns of tourism development, especially in rural and mountainous areas which is
provided through expanding the ownership of second homes (vacation home or country
house) (William and Hall, 2000). This type of tourism is probably the most important form of
tourism development in rural areas which is now growing signi?cantly quickly in many areas,
especially in rural areas around metropolitan cities. Leisure time turns out to be one of the
basic needs of contemporary societies. Therefore, it has developed as a way of spending
one’s leisure time (Seydaee et al., 2010, p. 20). Rural areas are among the places which are
used to serve this purpose, and accordingly the majority of the second homes are
constructed in rural areas (Shokri, 2005).
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Aliakbar Anabestani is
based in the Geography
Department at Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran.
Received 11 November 2012
Revised 8 May 2013
Accepted 20 June 2013
The author would like to thank
Dr Kharazmi, Assistant Prof of
Geography Department at
Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad for assistance in
preparing this article.
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There is no generally approved de?nition for ‘‘second home’’. Second homes or secondary
residences are houses built by residents of cities for spending their leisure time in nice
weather rural areas and are known as country house, or vacation home. (Rezvani, 2003).
Residence in such settlements is regarded as a type of tourism. (Dereo, 1996). However,
dictionary of Human Geography de?nes ‘‘rural second home’’ as houses that are purchased
or leased for a long time by the households living in other areas. Such houses are usually
located in rural areas and are used for recreational purposes. They are also known as
vacation home or country house (Johnston, 1988). Competent management of second home
tourism could make way for sustainable development in rural areas. In some countries
through ownership of second homes, rural tourism has acted as a tool for sustainable
development in rural areas (Rezvani and Safaee, 2005).
In this study, by second-home tourism in the study area, we mean those houses which are
occupied by non- local people just for some parts of a year. Shirin-dareh rural district in
Quchan County is one of the areas which has a great capacity for rural tourismdevelopment.
This area enjoys the proximity to Atrak River, lush gardens, beautiful mountains and valleys;
other geographical and climatic conditions have also added to the beauty and attraction of
this area. Furthermore, due to its proximity and easy access to Quchan County and its
special natural attractions, Shirin-dareh has drawn the attention of tourists, especially
second home owners.
The development of such houses has different social, economic, environmental and physical
effects on rural areas. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the effects of second home
tourism on development of rural areas from the perspective of both owners and residents of
Shirin-dareh rural area, in Quchan County of Iran in 2000s. Given that no such a research has
been conducted on the study area, this study is an original one, and is of signi?cant
importance as there are only a few studies in English about second home tourism in Iran.
Second home tourism has been a subject of study by researchers from different ?elds such
as geography, tourism, planning, economics, and sociology over the past three decades
(Gallent and Tewdwr-Jones, 2001).
1.2 Background of research
After the Second World War, due to the phenomenon of rurality in foreign countries, more
studies have been conducted on effects of second home tourism; some of them are
described in following lines.
Studies on effects of second home tourism in England and Norway show that rise in demand
for construction of second homes in these two areas, in 75 percent of cases, ended up in rise
in rural house prices (Gallent et al., 2003). Furthermore, studies on demand for suburban
houses in Europe reveal the increasing demands and excessive pressure on environment
and rural scenes (Gallent et al., 2005). Studies on emergence of second homes in the
mountainous regions of Norway show that environmentalist views (using natural sceneries)
have played a greater role in development of second home tourism (Kaltenborn et al., 2009).
Results of studies on construction of second homes in Washington State in the USA show
that the desire of second home owners for privacy is re?ected in patterns of spatial isolation
in the study area. Such patterns are heavily in?uenced by environmentalist thoughts (Kondo
et al., 2012). In the era of globalization, researches on tendency of middle age residents of
Hong Kong for construction of second homes on the mainland show that this tendency is in
line with middle-income people’s desire for having a greater recreational and residential
environment for escaping from urban everyday life (Man Hui and Hung Yu, 2009).
Little use of second homes by owners leads to heavy social and economic costs. To the
extent that the amount of rent paid for second homes in Alpnarena in Switzerland depended
on the owners’ age and the time they have bought the house. Therefore, some strategies
should be adopted to encourage the owners to lease their second homes (Bieger et al.,
2007). In Finland, second homes are regarded as quiet areas, places for experiencing
traditional rural way of life and traditional activities related to leisure and recreation
(Vepsalainena and Pitkanen, 2010). In Norway, studies on increasing number of second
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homes and their implications show that the differences in both micro and macro level (local
and rural elites particularly those with direct economic interests in dealing with second
homes) are positive and in line with further development. Though, given the high investment,
it seems that rise in number of second homes was associated with local support (Fredrik
Rye, 2011).
Although second home tourism in rural areas of Iran in its modern form, is a new
phenomenon and does not have a long history, some studies have been conducted by
researchers across the country which follows: Rezvani and Safaee (2005) in second home
tourism and its effects on rural areas: a threat or an opportunity for rural areas in north Tehran
(Lavasanat and Rud-bar Qasran district) showed that on the one hand the lack of planning
and poor management of existing opportunities in the ?eld of tourism and social, economic
revival of the rural area on the other hand are not properly used to ful?ll the leisure needs of
Tehran citizens. In contrast, threats associated with tourism have had adverse
consequences such as contamination of water resources, destruction of natural
landscapes, degradation and change in the use of gardens and lands, increased
immigration social dualism, and downturn of agricultural activities. Nowzari (2007) in his
study about the role of second homes in land-use change and economic development of
Kordan rural area has reached the conclusion that second home development in the study
area had negative impacts such as change in the amount of water resources, damage to
natural landscape, destruction of gardens or change in their use. However, it had some
positive economic outcomes such as employment and job creation, rise in residents’ income
and increased general welfare of the people in the rural area.
Mahdavi et al. (2008) in their study on the role and impact of second homes on social,
economic structure in Kelardasht region believe that Kelardasht’s privileged position for
tourism and resorts for urban residents, have led to second home increase and the
occurrence of this phenomenon in the rural areas had a signi?cant effect on social,
economic development of the area. It should be emphasized that construction in this area
was often in a somewhat haphazard way and consequently gave rise to inconsistency in the
appearance of the environment and its peripheral structure. Persistence of this trend is
against the sustainability of the environment and rural development. Rezvani et al. (2011) in
a comparative analysis of the economic impacts of tourism on second homes and tourism in
rural areas, with a sustainable development approach showed that based on the views of the
locals, the economic impact of second home tourismis larger and totally there is a signi?cant
difference between the economic impact of these two patterns. Qadir Niya et al. (2011) in
examining the consequences of increased villa construction (second homes) in rural areas
of Tarrud district in Damavand County concluded that negative social, economic and
physical consequences of second home increase are far greater than their positive effects.
Ziyaee and Salehi-nasab (2008) on typology of second homes and their physical effects on
rural areas in Rud-bar Qasran region concluded that their physical effects on rural societies
should be examined separately with emphasis on typology of tourists and comparing the
dominant pattern of the previous and present tourists of the second-homes. The study
results showed that the negative effects resulting from the presence of earlier
non-indigenous owners of second homes is far less than the corresponding effects from
the newnon-indigenous owners of second homes. Rahnemaee et al. (2008) in examining the
capacity of tourism destinations with an emphasis on the host community in Kelardasht
region showed that given the host community, Kelardasht region has different capacities for
its different types of tourists. In a way that, considering the function of second home tourists,
the capacity of the region has reached its threshold. However, they have not reached the
approved threshold for tourists who stay at least one night (accommodation tourists).
Furthermore, from the host community’s perspective, the capacity of Kelardasht area
depends on people’s attitude towards tourists who are economically effective or functionally
destructive (their in?uence on the environment), and so on.
Amar and Berenjkar (2009) in their geographical analysis of second-homes’ distribution in
rural areas of Bandar Anzali County after the Islamic Revolution believed that the expansion
of second-homes in the area is affected by the geographical conditions and local plans,
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such as the free zone. Anabestani (2009) investigating the physical effects of second-homes
in development of rural settlements in rural villa of Mashhad City believed that tourist
attractions in rural villa of Mashhad have provided some opportunities both for meeting the
growing needs of residents of metropolitan areas for leisure centers and making way for
social, economic and cultural revitalization. Nevertheless, beside these opportunities,
tourists have made some threats including changing orchards to residential buildings, the
use of materials and architectural patterns inconsistent with environment, violation of river
frontage, soil and water contamination. Seydaee et al. (2010) in their study on the effects of
second homes on development of Baghe-bahadoran region in Lenjan County believed that
given the natural capabilities in this area including Zayandeh-rud, easy access and quiet
environment have provided good conditions for attracting investments of Isfahan residents.
Therefore, expansion of second homes has had both positive and negative effects.
2. Theoretical framework
Nowadays, tourism in rural and remote areas is of great importance and acts as tool for
improving welfare. Derek Hall and Robert’s studies in the ?eld of rural tourism show that
tourism in rural areas includes 10 up to 20 percent of all tourism activities (Robert and Hall,
2001). With the expansion of urbanization and rural migration to urban areas on one hand
and income increase on the other hands, the required socio-economic background for
tourism began to be provided in countries. Therefore, rural tourism along with other types of
tourism emerged as a part of tourism and construction of second-homes in nice weather
surrounding rural areas near large cities particularly Tehran has thrived. After the Islamic
Revolution, this trend has expanded to other parts of the country (Ghasemi, 2009).
The most important factors and motives for expansion of second homes in rural areas could
be summarized as (Research ?ndings, 2012):
B Climatic and geographical differences.
B Rural-urban migration.
B Environmental pollution and overpopulation in cities.
B Improved ways of communication and traveling, and increased private vehicles.
B Anti-urbanism and expansion of second-homes.
Researchers believe there is a direct correlation between the promotion of tourism and
objective and subjective criteria for its socio-economic and environmental effects on host
community (Johnston et al., 1994). Butler also believes there is a direct correlation between
the level of tourism development and negative attitudes to its socio-economic and
environmental effects on host community. In the initial stage of tourism development, a lot of
inhabitants’ desire are met because of considerable economic bene?ts, but after a while due
to unfavorable changes in natural environment and the type of tourists attracted, gradually
people’s positive attitudes towards tourism change to negative ones (Smith and Krannich,
1998). The main assumption in all views is that all residents’ quality of life has improved in the
early stages of tourism development, but the carrying capacity of the environment reaches
to a point that further development of tourism causes negative changes in the destination
environment (Aliqoli Zadeh Firuzjany et al., 2007).
The most important consequences of second home tourism development in Iran could be
examined in the following dimensions:
B Economic impacts. In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are examined: job
creation, income increase, rise in price of land, goods and services, discontinuation of
agricultural activities, increasing costs of living, help to provide basic services, increased
public and rural welfare, increased income disparity between the rural people
(Rahnemaee et al., 2008 and Rezvani et al., 2011).
B Social and cultural impacts. In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are
examined: increased awareness and knowledge among the people of the area, social
and cultural duality between tourists and villagers, imitating the life style of tourists, the
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impact of rural-urban migration process, undermining the local culture and tradition,
reduced social cohesion and rise in social abnormalities (Mahdavi et al., 2008 and Qadir
Niya et al., 2011).
B Physical impacts. In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are examined:
changes in garden and farm use, orchards converted to residential buildings, change in
rural texture and construction, violation of river frontage and coastal lands, probable loss
of housing for local people, destruction of rural landscape (Ziyaee and Salehi-nasab,
2008 and Anabestani, 2009).
B Environmental impacts In this dimension, indexes like the following ones are examined:
air and sound pollution, contamination of rivers, the removal of vegetation, degradation or
change in environment, landscape, and natural resources (Nowzari, 2007 and Seydaee
et al., 2010).
The conceptual model of the study was designed based on the ?ndings of previous studies
(Figure 1). In this model to examine the effects of second home tourism on different aspects
of rural life, the Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression were used, as they
showed the effects of second home tourism indexes on villagers’ life. To compare the views
of residents and owners of second homes and implications of tourism, we applied T-student
and Mann-Whitney comparative tests.
Figure 1 Conceptual model of the study
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3. Materials and methods
3.1 Location of the study area
Shirin-Dareh Dehestan with an area of 620.4 square kilometers is located in 5.5 kilometers
north east of Quchan County and its Central Dehestan is Mezerj village. It is between the
longitudes of 37.01 to 37.16 and latitude of 58.20 to 58.60. This Dehestan is neighboring
Soudelaneh Dehestan in south, Miyan-Kuh Dehestan and Dargaz County in north east,
Bajgiran District in north and northwest, and Quchan-atigh Dehestan in west (Figure 2).
Natural environment, temperate climate, mountains, lush gardens, river and villages at the
foot of the mountains have made this area a proper location for recreation. On one hand the
abundance of water and springs, and on the other hand limited soil and farmlands, and
valleys protected against winds and accordingly suitable for growing trees have made the
villagers make maximum use of the minimum lands and slopes overlooking the valley, and
that is the only way for villagers to make their livings (Rezazadeh, 2005). Such villages are
generally developed along rivers and streams and spread linearly along the roadside and
attract many tourists every year.
3.2 Research questions and hypotheses
Considering the high potential of the study area in attracting tourist, in this study we are
trying to ?nd that to what extent the study area has been successful in attracting
second-home tourists? And also we seek to know from residents and owners’ view to what
extent the tourism of second homes have made way for changes in different dimensions of
Figure 2 Location of the study area
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rural life? For this purpose, in providing answer to the research questions, the following
hypotheses were developed:
H1. It seems that from the perspective of residents and homeowners in the rural areas,
development of second-home tourism has resulted in economic and social
changes.
H2. It seems that from the perspective of residents and homeowners in the rural areas,
development of second-home tourism has resulted in environmental and physical
changes.
3.3 Research method
In terms of the aim of the study, this is an applied research and in terms of methodology this
is a descriptive-analytical one. Some parts of the data were collected through ?eld studies
and questionnaires and the other parts like the theoretical-conceptual framework,
documentations and the census were collected through library research method.
Shirin-dareh Dehestan has 32 rural areas and a population of 16,778 people. Seven rural
areas with a population of 1,184 households include second homes and were selected as
sample rural areas of this study. To estimate the sample size, we applied Cochran sampling
method with a con?dence level of 95 percent and the error probability of 5 percent. 218
people were questioned, 163 were rural residents and 55 were second home tourists
(Table I). In this study, simple random sampling method was applied. After data collection
and data processing, we turned to data analysis and their explanation in the study area.
3.4. Indexes and variables
To investigate the effects of second home tourism on rural communities, a main variable with
four indexes of economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions were de?ned and
the total indexes were evaluated by 27 indicators (items). All items were arranged based on
Likert scale (Very low, Low, Moderate, High, Very high), and their reliability was con?rmed by
Cronbach’s Alpha with a validity of 89 percent (Table II).
Table I Sample villages and sample size in each village
Villages
Number of
households
Total
Population
Number of second
homes
Number of questionnaires
(residents)
Number of questionnaires
(owners)
Hey Hey 351 1,452 12 49 5
Qeytaqy 77 356 7 10 2
Chalaky 41 130 11 6 5
Yusuf-khan 121 415 16 17 7
Paryabad 103 441 11 14 5
Bad-khor 110 458 27 15 11
Yadak 381 1,654 48 52 20
Sum 1,184 4,906 132 163 55
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
Table II Variables of second home tourism and their effects on rural life and indexes used to measure them
Variables Index Indicators (items) Reliability coef?cient (Cronbach alpha)
Second homes tourism – 7 0.64
Changes in rural life Social dimension 4 0.62
Economic dimension 6 0.76
Physical dimension 5 0.81
Environmental dimension 5 0.91
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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4. Research results
4.1 Development of second-home tourism in the region
To assess the status of second home tourism development in the rural areas, we have used
indexes such as land speculation and the sale or purchase of land in the rural areas,
non-indigenous people living in the rural areas, investment in rural areas by non-indigenous
people, expansion of new constructions in rural areas, and development of new housing
patterns in rural areas. As in this study we have used Likert scale to evaluate the items, and
the theoretical median was 2.5. The average second home tourism development in the
sample rural communities was 2.95 which is larger than theoretical median and is assessed
as a good level. The owners’ assessment of the variable was 3.28 and the residents’
assessment was 2.84 which shows that owners’ attitude towards this type of tourism in the
villages of the area is more positive than that of residents. Among the items of the study, the
highest value belonged to land speculation, the sale and purchase of land in the rural areas
with an average of 3.2, and the lowest value belonged to investment of non-indigenous
people in the rural area with an average of 2.44. To compare expected frequencies,
Pearson’s Chi-square test was used, and the research ?ndings show that with a con?dence
level of 95 percent, there are suf?cient reasons for rejecting the null hypothesis. In other
words, there is a signi?cant difference between the rural communities in their motives for
responding the above mentioned questions (Table III).
4.2 Effects of second-home tourism development in the rural areas
For assessment of the effects of second-home tourism development in rural areas we have
used four indexes of changes in social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions,
and to explain these indexes we have used 20 indicators (items). As in this study we have
used Likert scale to evaluate the items, and as the theoretical median was 2.5., the average
status of four indexes of changes caused by second home tourism development in the
sample rural communities was between 2.06 (for environmental index) and 2.67 (in physical
changes). Therefore, based on the comments made by residents and owners, second home
tourism in the area had brought about the greatest change in the physical dimensions and
appearance of the rural settlements. The owners’ assessment of this variable was 3.84 and
the residents’ assessment was 2.61which re?ect the owners’ more careful attention to this
type of tourism and resulted physical changes in the villages of the study area (Table IV).
Among 20 surveyed items in this section, the highest value belonged to rise in rural land
price with an average of 3.59, and the lowest value belonged to destruction of beautiful
sceneries in the rural area with an average of 1.89. The above items in the survey from
residents and owners were believed to have been exposed to the highest and lowest
in?uence from second-home tourism. For comparison of the expected frequencies with the
acquired proportions, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used and the ?ndings showed that with
a con?dence level of 95 percent, there are suf?cient reasons for rejecting the null hypothesis.
In other words, there is a signi?cant difference between the rural communities in their
motives to respond to above questions.
Table III Comparison of the residents and owners’ view on development of second home tourism in the area
Indicator (Item) Total Residents Owners
Land speculation and the sale of land in the village 3.2 3.12 3.45
Non-indigenous people living in the countryside 3 2.97 3.07
Investments in non-rural village 2.44 2.24 3.05
New construction development in rural 2.61 2.48 2.96
Patterns of new housing development in the countryside 3.34 3.22 3.71
Investment in real estate in the village 3.04 2.92 3.41
Renovation of old houses into new homes 3.04 2.94 3.33
Second homes tourism development vary 2.95 2.84 3.28
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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4.3 Comparative analysis of views of owners and residents about rural second home-tourism
In this part Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to con?rm the data normality. The results
showed that only the variable of second home tourism development is normal. For this
variable, parametric t-test with independent samples was used and for the other variables
that are not normal, Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used.
Considering the t-test results with independent samples for the variable of second home
tourism development, the p-value of variance homogeneity test carried out before t-test was
equal to 0.830 which is larger than 0.05. Thus, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was
accepted and the ?rst row of t-test was used. The p-value of t-test is 0.000 which is smaller
than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis which was based on equal means of two samples
was rejected (Table V). The result is that there is a signi?cant difference between the views of
owners and residents about the development of second home tourism in the area.
Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for comparative analysis of the effects of
second home tourism development in social, economic, physical and environmental
dimensions. The results show that the p-value for Mann-Whitney for environmental and
economic variables was between 0.002 and 0.003 which is smaller than 0.05. Therefore, the
null hypothesis which was based on equal means for the two groups was rejected, and as a
Table IV The effects of second home tourism development in rural areas
Index Indicator (item) Total Residents Owners
Social dimension Rural-urban migration 2.78 2.62 3.24
Increased socio-cultural abnormalities in the rural areas 1.85 1.98 1.95
Improved cultural awareness of the residents 3.01 2.94 3.22
Decreased social and family cohesion in the rural areas 1.93 1.91 1.96
Sum 2.33 2.3 2.43
Economic dimension Rise in villagers’ income 2.12 1.94 2.67
Rise in land price 3.59 3.55 3.71
Job creation in the rural area 2.06 1.84 2.71
Marketing of agricultural products 2.30 2.2 2.60
Inability of the youth to afford a land or house 2.52 2.62 2.22
Help to provide basic services 2.2 2.2 2.75
Sum 2.46 2.36 2.77
Physical dimension Destruction of orchards 2.04 2.06 2
Destruction of agricultural lands 1.98 1.98 1.98
Improved housing quality 3.39 3.29 3.71
Rise in construction 3.4 3.31 3.67
Improved rural roads and services 2.52 2.42 2.84
Sum 2.67 2.61 2.84
Environmental dimension Contamination of water resources 2.01 2.10 1.72
Air and sound pollution 1.92 1.96 1.78
Destruction of beautiful landscape and scenery 1.89 1.97 1.64
Degradation or change in environment 2.05 2.19 1.64
To leave garbage in the rural areas 2.47 2.71 1.78
Sum 2.06 2.18 1.72
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
Table V T-test results with independent samples to compare the views of residents and owners about the development of
second home tourism
Lone test for homogeneity of
variances t-test for equality of means
Assumption of the homogeneity of variances Fisher test statistic p value test t-test statistic Degrees of freedom p value test
Development of second-home tourism 0.046 0.83 3.873 216 0.000
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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result there is a signi?cant differences between the views of owners and residents about the
economic and environmental changes resulted from the development of second home
tourism in the area (Table VI). This result is somewhat reasonable, because the owners
believe that their presence had some positive economic impacts on rural areas, and would
have the least environmental problems in the rural areas, on the contrary the villagers believe
that tourism of second homes in rural areas had adverse economic impacts (such as
increased land prices, etc.) and rural landscape has also been degraded and the
appearance of rural environmental had been destroyed.
The p-value of Mann-Whitney test for variables related to physical and social changes in the
study area was between 0.057 and 0.159 which is larger than 0.05, as a result the null
hypothesis which was based on equal means for the two samples was accepted. In other
words, there was no signi?cant difference between the views of owners and residents about
the social and physical changes resulted from second home tourism in the villages of the
study area.
4.4 Spatial analysis of the relationship between second home tourism and its consequences
for rural areas
In this part to investigate the relationship between second home tourism development and
its consequences for the rural areas of the study, we used Pearson homogeneity test.
Considering the homogeneity test, where p-value is smaller than 0.05, the null hypothesis
which is based on insigni?cant relationship between independent and dependent variables
is rejected. In spatial analysis of the relationship between development of second home
tourism and social and economic change, only in two villages of Paryabad (in social
dimension) and Qeytaqy (in economic dimension) no signi?cant relationship was found.
However, in other villages, there was a signi?cant relation. In spatial analysis of the
relationship between development of second home tourism and environmental change in
most villages such as Hey Hey, Chalaky, Yusef-khan, Paryabad and Bad-khor no signi?cant
relationship was found and only in two villages of Yadak and Qeytaqy this relationship was
signi?cant (Table VII). So we can say that second home tourismdevelopment has not yet had
signi?cant impact on environmental changes. In spatial analysis of the relationship between
physical changes in the rural context and second home tourism development, in all cases a
signi?cant relationship was observed between these two variables. Finally, there was a
signi?cant relationship between development of second home tourism and its impacts on
various dimensions of rural life in the study area (Figure 3). As a result, development of
second home tourism in rural areas has affected many aspects of rural life.
4.5 The effects of second home tourism development in different dimensions of villagers’ life
In this study, stepwise regression method was used to determine the relative contribution of
the independent variables (second home tourism development) in the dependent variable
(changes in four dimensions of villagers’ life) (see Table VIII). In this method, the variable
which has the greatest effect on the dependent variable, enters the model ?rst; and other
variables would be re-examined so that they might enter the model (Firuz-Jaeeyan and
Jahangiri, 2008). Accordingly, the value of determination coef?cient would be 0.449, which
shows that independent variable (second home tourism development) explains 45 percent
of the changes related to dependent variable (changes in the villagers’ life). According to
Table VI Results of Mann-Whitney test to compare the views of residents and owners
about the effects of second home tourism development
Variable Mann-Whitney test statistic p-value test
Social 3915 0.159
Economic 3289 0.003
Physical 3715 0.057
Environmental 3250 0.002
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
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ANOVATable, the p-value or the level of signi?cance is 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. As a
result, the null hypothesis of the test which was based on insigni?cance of regression model
was rejected with a con?dence level of 99 percent. Therefore, the regression model is
statistically signi?cant.
According to ?ndings of Table VIII, only the p-Value of the variables of land speculation,
renovation of old houses are more than 0.05, in other words the effects of the these variables
is not signi?cant in the model. Accordingly, the variable of investment by non-indigenous
people would be the strongest indicator of changes in different dimensions of villages’ life.
That is to say, the more investment the owners of second homes make in real estate and
other cases in rural areas, the more changes would occur in villagers’ life. Among these
Table VII The relation between second home tourism development and its impacts on each village
Name of village
Variables Description Hey Hey Yadak Yusuf-khan Chalaky Qeytaqy Bad-khor Paryabad
Social The correlation coef?cient 0.353 0.530 0.297 0.640 0.890 0.443 0.015
p-value 0.009 0.000 0.158* 0.034 0.000 0.023 0.951*
Economic correlation coef?cient 0.386 0.632 0.609 0.751 0.515 0.701 0.494
p-value 0.004 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.087* 0.000 0.032
Physical Correlation coef?cient 0.345 0.663 0.490 0.890 0.657 0.390 0.697
p-value 0.011 0.000 0.15 0.000 0.020 0.049 0.001
Environmental Correlation coef?cient 0.234 0.301 20.067 0.208 0.646 0.358 0.301
p-value 0.089* 0.010 0.755* 0.539* 0.023 0.072* 0.210*
Total Correlation coef?cient 0.407 0.627 0.435 0.748 0.812 0.671 0.557
p-value 0.002 0.000 0.034 0.008 0.001 0.000 0.013
Note: * There is no signi?cant relationship between the variables
Source: Research ?ndings, 2012
Figure 3 The spatial distribution of relation between rural second home tourism and its
consequences
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variables, residence of non-indigenous people in rural areas had negative impacts on
changes in rural life. As the independent variables of land speculation, renovation of old
houses were not included in the model (Figure 4), the regression model would be as follows:
Changes in villagers’ life ¼ 1:232 2ð20:139Þ* residence of non-indigenous people þ0.418*
investment by non-rural people þ0.131* expansion of non-indigenous housing þ0.092*
investment in real estate.
5. Discussion
The results of the present study on the expansion of second homes in the study area show
that home owners have sought refuge in the rural settlements to avoid environmental
pollution in urban areas which is in agreement with the results of overseas studies in this area
(Kaltenborn et al., 2009; Kondo et al., 2012; Vepsalainena and Pitkanen, 2010; Fredrik Rye,
Table VIII The effects of second home tourism development in different dimensions of villagers’ life
Parameter estimates
Independent variables Value
Standard
deviation
Standardized
coef?cients
(b) t statistic
Signi?cance
level Result
Constant
a
1.232 0.155 – 7.945 0.000 The model was signi?cant
Land speculation in the rural areas 0.045 0.034 0.086 1.318 0.189 The model was not signi?cant
Residence of none-indigenous people 20.08 0.03 20.139 22.646 0.009 The model was signi?cant
Investment by non-rural people 0.233 0.038 0.418 5.921 0.000 The model was signi?cant
Expansion of non-indigenous housing 0.112 0.04 0.176 2.813 0.005 The model was signi?cant
Investment in real estate 0.073 0.034 0.131 2.138 0.034 The model was signi?cant
Renovation of old houses 0.047 0.027 0.092 1.714 0.088 The model was not signi?cant
Note:
a
Dependent variable: changes in villagers’ life
Source: Research ?ndings (2012)
Figure 4 The effects of second home tourism in villagers’ life based on standardized
values b ð Þ
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2011). It is consistent with study results (Man Hui, Hung Yu, 2009) on the tendency of
middle-income people to escape from urban life, though in this study the people we called
them ‘‘indigenous owners’’, are more inclined to have a house in their ancestral land, in this
study we have regarded such houses as second homes too.
The studies conducted by Iranian researchers in the ?eld of second home tourism impacts
(Mahdavi et al., 2008, Rezvani et al., 2011, Qadir Niya et al., 2011, Anabestani, 2009, etc.)
af?rm that expansion of second-homes in rural areas would have different impacts on
economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions. But in this study there is a
signi?cant difference between the views of the residents and owners about the
environmental and economic impacts. In a way that owners compared to villagers regard
the economic impacts of their presence as more signi?cant, while the villagers believed that
environment impacts of second home owners in rural areas are more signi?cant. On the
other hand, in this study compared to previous ones, we found that among the indexes of
second home tourism, residence of non-indigenous people, investment by non-rural people,
expansion of non-indigenous housing and investment in real estate have made way for
changes in different dimensions of rural life.
6. Conclusion and remarks
Overview of the research process shows that second home tourism development in the
study area has affected the life of the villagers. Research ?ndings show that there is a
positive and direct correlation between second home tourism development and changes in
social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions of life in rural communities. That is
to say, if the development of second home tourism promotes in a rural area, proportionally
there would more changes in living conditions of rural communities. Among the factors
causing the changes in the villagers’ life, investment by non-indigenous people had the
greatest role in paving the way for changes in villagers’ life, as it explains more than 41.8
percent of changes. The comparative analysis of the views of the owners and residents
about the independent variable of second home tourism development and four dependent
variables in social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions showed that Mann
Whitney and t-tests indicate that there is a signi?cant difference between the views of the
residents and owners about the development of second home tourism and changes in
economic and environmental dimensions, though on physical and social changes no
signi?cant difference was observed in the views of the two groups. On the other hand, the
investigation of the relations between the second home tourism development and changes
in the villages’ life indicate that there is a direct and linear relation between these two
variables, and this signi?cant relation did not exist in dependent variable of environmental
changes in most villages (except Qeytaqy and Yadak). Considering the obtained results for
this test, the signi?cance level of the test is 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. Therefore the
null hypothesis of the test which was based on insigni?cant relationship between second
home tourism development and social, economic, physical and environmental changes is
rejected. The correlation coef?cients of 0.502 and 0.430 con?rm the role of second home
tourism development in paving the way for changes in villagers’ life. In this study villagers’
distrust in answering the questions was one of the problems of the study; furthermore,
owners of second homes tended to justify their presence in the rural area, these problems
had partly affected the study results.
Given these conditions, it should be noted that the positive effects of second home tourism
development on local communities would not occur in a natural way; therefor, to achieve
these effect, second home tourism should be managed effectively. For management of
second home tourism development in the villages of the study area, the following measures
could be helpful:
B To make an integrated management system for second home tourism in the area with
coordination of relevant agencies and institutions, and participation of residents (host
community).
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B To establish a management system in the area (EIA) ‘‘Evaluation of Impact Association’’
and its application as a tool for improving or correcting management procedures.
B To conduct land use studies based on the evaluation of the ecological capacities to
control and determine the future development of second homes in rural areas.
B To conduct studies and implement solid waste management projects in rural areas to
prevent environmental hazards in the region.
B To make executive bylaws related to landscape planning and rural environment in the
study area to protect precious rural environment and pay special attention to rural
tourism.
B To make and enforce regulations related to changing gardens, lands and farms to second
homes to control the excessive construction in rural areas.
B To enforce regulations related to river frontage and prevent its violation by owners of
second homes in rural areas.
B To achieve better results in this area, we recommend detailed studies on the impacts of
second home tourism on rural areas across Iran and a comprehensive study to examine
the impacts of this phenomenon on all the rural areas of Iran.
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Journal of Geographical Research, Vol. 35 No. 45, pp. 59-73.
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the economic impacts of second home tourism and daily tourism in rural areas, sustainable
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Organization, Madrid, Spain.
Seydaee, S., Khosravinezhad, M. and Kiyani, S. (2010), ‘‘The impact of second homes on development
of Baghe-bahadoran region in Lenjan County’’, Journal of Urban-Regional Studies and Research, Vol. 1
No. 4, pp. 18-35.
Shokri, V. (2005), ‘‘Tourism and sustainable rural development’’, Proceedings of the First National
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Vepsalainena, M. and Pitkanen, K. (2010), ‘‘Second home countryside, representations of the rural in
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Further reading
Governor of Khorasan-e-Razavi (2012), ‘‘Latest administrative divisions, Quchan County’’, Governor of
Khorasan-e-Razavi, Mashhad.
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About the author
Aliakbar Anabestani is a University faculty member (Associate Prof, N.12), at Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad. He has held the following positions: Chairman of Geographical and
Social Research Center from 2004 to 2008 at Hakim-e-Sazevari University; Director of
University’s relationship with the community from 2004 to 2008 at Hakim-e-Sazevari
University; Editorial board in Geographical Studies Journal from 2005 to 2010 at
Hakim-e-Sazevari University; Executive Director of Geography and Regional Development
from 2010 to 2012 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Editor Chief of Journal of Research
& Rural Planning from 2012 to present day at Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad; and Editoral
Board of Geography and Urban development from 2012 to present day at Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad. He holds a BA in Human Geography from Tehran University (1995);
an MA in Geography and Rural Planning fromFerdowsi University of Mashhad (1997); and a
PhD in Geography and Rural Planning from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (2003). His
professional ?elds and scienti?c research are in rural planning, rural tourism, conducting of
rural guidance plan, conducting of urban guidance plan, studies of natural resources,
deserti?cation and watershed management, suburban studies and GIS. Aliakbar
Anabestani can be contacted at: [email protected]
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