UNIT III
Environmental Degradation
Definitions
? Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. ? Environmental degradation means the exploitation of natural environment to such an extent that it is not possible to regenerate itself to its original condition.
Natural Environment
? The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof.
? The natural environment, is a set of relationship between all living and non-living things.
? BIOTIC ? ABIOTIC
BIOTIC:-That environment comprising living organisms, which interact with each other and their abiotic environment. Biotic components are the living things that shape an ecosystem. ABIOTIC:-All physical and nonliving chemical factors, such as soil, water, and atmosphere, which influence living organisms. Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Abiotic phenomena underlie all of biology.
Types of Degradation
Deforestation
Emission Types of Degradation
Desertification
Erosion
Extinction
Deforestation
• Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
Causes of deforestation
• • • • • Corruption of government institutions Population growth Urbanization Overpopulation Globalization……..etc.
Desertification
• Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas due to various factors: including climatic variations and human activities. • The transformation of arable or habitable land to desert by a change in climate or destructive land use.
Causes of desertification
•Overgrazing •Over-cultivation •Deforestation •Over drafting of groundwater •Droughts
Extinction
• In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms, normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the group (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point).
Extinct Species
Emission
When human or natural forces release chemicals or other substances into the environment, the process is known as emission. Emission often causes pollution, for example is caused when chemicals are released into the air. Many natural processes cause emissions. When a volcano erupts, it lets out acid, ash, and many toxic gases. When fires break out in forests, they release smoke, soot, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and carbon dioxide
Emission
Erosion
Erosion is the process of weathering and transport of solids in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere. It usually occurs due to transport by wind, water, or ice; by down-slope creep of soil and other material under the force of gravity; or by living organisms, such as burrowing animals, in the case of bioerosion.
Erosion
Environmental Management
• Environmental management involves the management of all components of the bio-physical environment, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic). This is due to the interconnected and network of relationships amongst all living species and their habitats. The environment also involves the relationships of the human environment, such as the social, cultural and economic environment with the bio-physical environment.
For the proper progress and development of any country, management of the environment is highly essential. As environment consist of several interacting components, its management depends on an understanding of these component which helps avoid unhealthy influences like pollution, erosion and the wastage of resources by irreversible damages.
Environmental Management involves developing innovative approaches in the following areas
• To asses the impact of technology on environment. • To estimate the economic costs of meeting environmental standards. • To predict future trends in environmental management • To promote case studies on environmental challenges
• To encourage public participation in planning new projects • To formulate strategies and plans for achieving support for projects • To design organization structures and management systems which will help managers at different levels to consider the environmental factors in taking decisions. • To analyze and resolve conflicts arising among different interest groups.
Role of environmental managers
• Tackling environmental issues and problems such as ecology, natural resources and pollution. • Advising the management about natural resources and the environment depletion and conservation of resources. • Conducting audit of energy and nonconventional forms of energy.
• Keeping informed about environmental legislation. • Monitoring and sensitizing public attitude and opinion. • Studying and resolving environmental conflicts.
Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development.
• Ten areas have been widely identified where priority action is needed in the area of environment. • 1.Population-
• 2.Land use planning- there are many demands on land like agriculture, forestry, grass lands, mining, urban and industrial development and transport. • Proper planning can be done so that we can identify the different areas specifically.
• 3.Crop lands and grass lands- India has become self sufficient in food production. • Our agricultural needs more genetic engineering and biotechnology. • At present we operate the high input high output agriculture technology where we give massive doses of fertilizers, pesticides and water. • These have adverse environmental effects.
• 4.Woodlands- Different types of forestry needs to be practiced to increase our forest wealth. • 5.Conservation of biological diversity- there are over 45000 plants and 65000 animal species in India. • presently efforts also mainly towards preservation of tigers, crocodiles, peacocks etc whereas forest trees, marine biological species have been neglected.
• 6.Control of air and water pollution- The dept. of environment and the central and state pollution control boards have been able to control about 45% of the polluting industries. • Alternate energy sources-
• 7.Alternate Energy Sources- Energy sources like coal petroleum are very polluting. It is necessary to conserve these sources and supplements them with environmentally clean, renewable and socially relevant sources of energy. • 8. Water recycling- It is necessary to conserve natural by waste recycling and reuse.
• 9.Urban and rural housing- Due to doubling of population from 1951to 1981, there has been a 300 percent increase in the no of person per square km.
doc_730140824.ppt
Environmental Degradation
Definitions
? Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. ? Environmental degradation means the exploitation of natural environment to such an extent that it is not possible to regenerate itself to its original condition.
Natural Environment
? The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof.
? The natural environment, is a set of relationship between all living and non-living things.
? BIOTIC ? ABIOTIC
BIOTIC:-That environment comprising living organisms, which interact with each other and their abiotic environment. Biotic components are the living things that shape an ecosystem. ABIOTIC:-All physical and nonliving chemical factors, such as soil, water, and atmosphere, which influence living organisms. Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Abiotic phenomena underlie all of biology.
Types of Degradation
Deforestation
Emission Types of Degradation
Desertification
Erosion
Extinction
Deforestation
• Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
Causes of deforestation
• • • • • Corruption of government institutions Population growth Urbanization Overpopulation Globalization……..etc.
Desertification
• Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas due to various factors: including climatic variations and human activities. • The transformation of arable or habitable land to desert by a change in climate or destructive land use.
Causes of desertification
•Overgrazing •Over-cultivation •Deforestation •Over drafting of groundwater •Droughts
Extinction
• In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms, normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the group (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point).
Extinct Species
Emission
When human or natural forces release chemicals or other substances into the environment, the process is known as emission. Emission often causes pollution, for example is caused when chemicals are released into the air. Many natural processes cause emissions. When a volcano erupts, it lets out acid, ash, and many toxic gases. When fires break out in forests, they release smoke, soot, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and carbon dioxide
Emission
Erosion
Erosion is the process of weathering and transport of solids in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere. It usually occurs due to transport by wind, water, or ice; by down-slope creep of soil and other material under the force of gravity; or by living organisms, such as burrowing animals, in the case of bioerosion.
Erosion
Environmental Management
• Environmental management involves the management of all components of the bio-physical environment, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic). This is due to the interconnected and network of relationships amongst all living species and their habitats. The environment also involves the relationships of the human environment, such as the social, cultural and economic environment with the bio-physical environment.
For the proper progress and development of any country, management of the environment is highly essential. As environment consist of several interacting components, its management depends on an understanding of these component which helps avoid unhealthy influences like pollution, erosion and the wastage of resources by irreversible damages.
Environmental Management involves developing innovative approaches in the following areas
• To asses the impact of technology on environment. • To estimate the economic costs of meeting environmental standards. • To predict future trends in environmental management • To promote case studies on environmental challenges
• To encourage public participation in planning new projects • To formulate strategies and plans for achieving support for projects • To design organization structures and management systems which will help managers at different levels to consider the environmental factors in taking decisions. • To analyze and resolve conflicts arising among different interest groups.
Role of environmental managers
• Tackling environmental issues and problems such as ecology, natural resources and pollution. • Advising the management about natural resources and the environment depletion and conservation of resources. • Conducting audit of energy and nonconventional forms of energy.
• Keeping informed about environmental legislation. • Monitoring and sensitizing public attitude and opinion. • Studying and resolving environmental conflicts.
Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development.
• Ten areas have been widely identified where priority action is needed in the area of environment. • 1.Population-
• 2.Land use planning- there are many demands on land like agriculture, forestry, grass lands, mining, urban and industrial development and transport. • Proper planning can be done so that we can identify the different areas specifically.
• 3.Crop lands and grass lands- India has become self sufficient in food production. • Our agricultural needs more genetic engineering and biotechnology. • At present we operate the high input high output agriculture technology where we give massive doses of fertilizers, pesticides and water. • These have adverse environmental effects.
• 4.Woodlands- Different types of forestry needs to be practiced to increase our forest wealth. • 5.Conservation of biological diversity- there are over 45000 plants and 65000 animal species in India. • presently efforts also mainly towards preservation of tigers, crocodiles, peacocks etc whereas forest trees, marine biological species have been neglected.
• 6.Control of air and water pollution- The dept. of environment and the central and state pollution control boards have been able to control about 45% of the polluting industries. • Alternate energy sources-
• 7.Alternate Energy Sources- Energy sources like coal petroleum are very polluting. It is necessary to conserve these sources and supplements them with environmentally clean, renewable and socially relevant sources of energy. • 8. Water recycling- It is necessary to conserve natural by waste recycling and reuse.
• 9.Urban and rural housing- Due to doubling of population from 1951to 1981, there has been a 300 percent increase in the no of person per square km.
doc_730140824.ppt