computer application

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computer application

MIS-A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively [1]. Management information systems are regarded to be a subset of the overall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used by management accountants to solve business pr oblems such as costing a product,service or a business-wide strategy. Management information sy stems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other informat ion systems applied in operational activities in the organization.[2] Academically, the term is comm only used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems Initially in businesses and other organizations, internal reporting was made man ually and only periodically, as a by-product of the accounting system and with some additional statistic(s), and gave limited and delayed information on management performance. Previously, data had to be separated indi vidually by the people as per the requirement and necessity of the organization. Later, data was distin guished from information, and so instead of the collection of mass of data, important and to the point data th at is needed by the organization was stored. Earlier, business computers were mostly used for relatively simple operations su ch as tracking sales or payroll data, often without much detail. Over time, these applications became more complex and began to store increasing amount of information while also interlinking with previously separate information syst ems. As more and more data was stored and linked man began to analyze this information into further detail, creating entire management reports from the raw, stored data. The term "MIS" arose to describe these kinds of applications, which were developed to provide managers with information about sales, inventories, and other data that would help in ma naging the enterprise. Today, the term is used broadly in a number of contexts and includes (but is not limited to): d ecision support systems, resource and people management applications, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), project management and database retrieva l applications. An 'MIS' is a planned system of the collection, processing, storage and dissemin ation of data in the form of information needed to carry out the management functions. In a way, it is a documented repor t of the activities that were planned and executed. According to Philip Kotler "A marketing information system consist s of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers." [3] The terms MIS and information system are often confused. Information systems inc lude systems that are not intended for decision making. The area of study called MIS is sometimes referred to, in a res

trictive sense, as information technology management. That area of study should not be confused with computer science. IT service management is a practitioner-focused discipline. MIS has also some differences with ERP which in corporates elements that are not necessarily focused on decision support. Any successful MIS must support a business's Five Year Plan or its equivalent. I t must provide for reports based upon performance analysis in areas critical to that plan, with feedback loops that al low for titivation of every aspect of the business, including recruitment and training regimens. In effect, MIS must not o nly indicate how things are going, but why they are not going as well as planned where that is the case. These reports would include performance relative to cost centers and projects that drive profit or loss, and do so in such a way tha t identifies individual accountability, and in virtual real-time. Anytime a business is looking at implementing a new business system it is very i mportant to use a system devlopment method such as System Development Life Cycle. The life cycle includes Analysis, Requirements, Design, Development, Testing and Implementation. Advantages OF MIS:1. It Facilitates planning : MIS improves the quality of plants by providing rel making . Due to increase in the size and co evant information for sound decision mplexity of organizations, managers have lost personal contact with the scene of operations. 2. In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in t o summarized form and there by avoids the confusion which may arise when manager s are flooded with detailed facts. 3. MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly w hen there is a system for monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successf ully used for measuring performance and making necessary change in the organizat ional plans and procedures. 4. It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activitie s by keeping each department aware of the problem and requirements of other depa rtments. It connects all decision centers in the organization . 5. It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning an d control. It improves the ability of management to evaluate and improve perform ance . The used computers has increased the data processing and storage capabili ties and reduced the cost . 6. MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates the information ERP-An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is an integrated computer-based application used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, material s, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the bou ndaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. Built on a centralized database and nor mally utilizing a common computing

platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and ent erprise-wide system environment.[1] An ERP system can either reside on a centralized server or be distributed across modular hardware and software units that provide "services" and communicate on a local area network. The distributed design allows a business to assemble modules from different vendors without the need for the placement of multiple c opies of complex and expensive computer systems in areas which will not use their full capacity. Advantages OF ERP:In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software applications that cannot communicate or interface effectively with one another. Tasks that need to interf ace with one another may involve # ERP systems connect the necessary software in order for accurate forecasting t o be done. This allows inventory levels to be kept at maximum efficiency and the company to be more profitable. # Integration among different functional areas to ensure proper communication, p roductivity and efficiency # Design engineering (how to best make the product) # Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfillment # The revenue cycle, from invoice through cash receipt # Managing inter-dependencies of complex processes bill of materials # Tracking the three-way match between purchase orders (what was ordered), inven tory receipts (what arrived), and costing (what the vendor invoiced) # The accounting for all of these tasks: tracking the revenue, cost and profit a t a granular level ERP systems centralize the data in one place. Benefits of this include: * Eliminates the problem of synchronizing changes between multiple systems consolidation of finance, marketing and sales, human resource, and manufacturing applications * Permits control of business processes that cross functional boundaries * Provides top-down view of the enterprise (no "islands of information"), re al time information is available to management anywhere, anytime to make proper decisions. * Reduces the risk of loss of sensitive data by consolidating multiple permi ssions and security models into a single structure. * Shorten production lead time and delivery time * Facilitating business learning, empowering, and building common visions Some security features are included within an ERP system to protect against both outsider crime, such as industrial espionage, and insider crime, such as embezzlement. A data-tampering scenario, f or example, might involve a disgruntled employee intentionally modifying prices to below-the-break-even poin t in order to attempt to interfere with the company's profit or other sabotage. ERP systems typically provide functional ity for implementing internal controls to prevent actions of this kind. ERP vendors are also moving toward better integrat ion with other kinds of information security tools. BPR-Business Process Reengineering is the analysis and design of workflows and p

rocesses within an organization. A business process is a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a de fined business outcome. Re-engineering is the basis for many recent developments in management. The cross-functional te am, for example, has become popular because of the desire to re-engineer separate functional tasks into complete cro ss-functional processes.[citation needed] Also, many recent management information systems developments aim to integrate a wide number of business functions. Enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, knowledge management syst ems, groupware and collaborative systems, Human Resource Management Systems and customer relationship management . Business process reengineering (BPR) began as a private sector technique to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve customer service , cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors. A key stimulus for reengineering has been the continuin g development and deployment of sophisticated information systems and networks. Leading organizations are becomi ng bolder in using this technology to support innovative business processes, rather than refining current ways of d oing work.[1] Reengineering guidance and relationship of Mission and Work Processes to Informa tion Technology. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is basically the fundamental rethinking and radical re-design, made to an organizations existing resources. It is more than just business improvising. The role of information technology IN BPR Information technology (IT) has historically played an important role in the ree ngineering concept[citation needed]. It is considered by some as a major enabler for new forms of working and collabo rating within an organization and across organizational borders. Early BPR literature [9] identified several so called disruptive technologies th at were supposed to challenge traditional wisdom about how work should be performed. * Shared databases, making information available at many places * Expert systems, allowing generalists to perform specialist tasks * Telecommunication networks, allowing organizations to be centralized and d ecentralized at the same time * Decision-support tools, allowing decision-making to be a part of everybody 's job * Wireless data communication and portable computers, allowing field personn el to work office independent * Interactive videodisk, to get in immediate contact with potential buyers * Automatic identification and tracking, allowing things to tell where they are, instead of requiring to be found * High performance computing, allowing on-the-fly planning and revisioning In the mid 1990s, especially workflow management systems were considered as a si gnificant contributor to improved process efficiency. Also ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) vendors, such as SAP , JD Edwards, Oracle, PeopleSoft,

positioned their solutions as vehicles for business process redesign and improve ment.



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