Community based island tourism the case of Boa Vista in Cape Verde

Description
This paper tries to explore the possibilities of developing sustainable, community-based
tourism (CBT) in Boa Vista in Cape Verde, Africa. Island territories are generally considered preferential
tourist destinations. However, the negative effects of tourism in these destinations should not be
overlooked, among them environmental concerns and impacts on the culture of the island’s inhabitants.
The development of CBT takes on special relevance, as it based on planning schemes in conjunction
with the local community who share the positive effects derived from tourism

International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
Community-based island tourism: the case of Boa Vista in Cape Verde
Sandra M. Sánchez-Cañizares Ana María Castillo-Canalejo
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To cite this document:
Sandra M. Sánchez-Cañizares Ana María Castillo-Canalejo , (2014),"Community-based island tourism: the case of Boa
Vista in Cape Verde", International J ournal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 8 Iss 2 pp. 219 - 233
Permanent link to this document:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJ CTHR-04-2012-0015
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Nor Haniza Mohamad, Amran Hamzah, (2013),"Tourism cooperative for scaling up community-based tourism", Worldwide
Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Vol. 5 Iss 4 pp. 315-328http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-03-2013-0017
Asli D.A. Tasci, Robertico Croes, J orge Bartels Villanueva, (2014),"Rise and fall of community-based tourism – facilitators,
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Community-based island tourism: the
case of Boa Vista in Cape Verde
Sandra M. Sánchez-Cañizares and Ana María Castillo-Canalejo
Sandra M. Sánchez-
Cañizares is a Professor
and Ana María
Castillo-Canalejo is a PhD
Lecturer, both are based
at Faculty of Law and
Business Administration,
University of Córdoba,
Córdoba, Spain.
Abstract
Purpose – This paper tries to explore the possibilities of developing sustainable, community-based
tourism(CBT) in Boa Vista in Cape Verde, Africa. Island territories are generally considered preferential
tourist destinations. However, the negative effects of tourism in these destinations should not be
overlooked, among themenvironmental concerns and impacts on the culture of the island’s inhabitants.
The development of CBT takes on special relevance, as it based on planning schemes in conjunction
with the local community who share the positive effects derived from tourism.
Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used consisted in designing two surveys: one
focusing on the supply side and another on the demand side of tourismto de?ne and analyse the current
status of this sector in Boa Vista. The survey on tourismsupply was distributed among a panel of experts
formed by tourismservice providers located in Boa Vista. The statistical results of the responses and the
discussion carried out by the panel of experts permitted the development of a SWOT matrix. The survey
on demand was administered to foreign tourists in different parts of the island. A total of 202 valid
surveys were obtained.
Findings – The main results of the ?eldwork are twofold. On the supply side of tourism, the community
is making an enormous effort to actively participate in the development of sustainable tourism, efforts
which are often constrained by the geographical barriers of Boa Vista (sandy soil, poor accessibility to
other islands) and the institutional and political situation of the island. As regards the demand side of
tourism, the vast majority of tourists stay at the island’s all-inclusive resorts, whereas fewtourists require
the services provided by the community, mainly because they are unaware that such services exist.
Originality/value – Certain island destinations are more appropriate for tourists wishing to ?ee mass
tourism enclaves due to their natural environment, relative isolation and the traditional culture of their
inhabitants. For this reason, it is important to develop a CBT model for these destinations in which
initiatives are planned in conjunction with members of the local community who participate in
decision-making processes and bene?t equally from the positive effects of tourism. Although several
case studies have been reported in the research on CBT initiatives, few studies have been carried out
on CBT in island territories. This is the main contribution in this paper.
Keywords Sustainability, Sustainable development, Tourism, Community-based tourism, Boa Vista,
Cape verde
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Currently, tourism encompasses a wide range of products and destinations targeted at
satisfying the demands of consumers, who occupy a variety of market segments. One of
these segments is formed by tourists who avoid going to the usual overcrowded
sun-and-sand destinations and instead prefer to travel to more exclusive and yet to be
discovered places, that is destinations that are off the beaten track. Travelling to these
destinations, which are normally thought of as being exotic and authentic, is often a dif?cult
task, as they are located in small, out-of–the-way areas, far from large coastal towns.
While tourism of this kind can offer the traveller a variety of options, certain island
destinations are more appropriate for tourists wishing to ?ee mass tourism enclaves due to
their natural environment, relative isolation and the traditional culture of their inhabitants.
Received 11 April 2012
Revised 17 June 2013
23 September 2013
2 January 2014
Accepted 7 March 2014
The results of this paper are
based on research funded by
the Spanish International
Cooperation Agency (Spanish
acronym: AECID) via projects
PCI-A/023083/09 and
A/032748/10. The authors wish
to thank both AECID and the
inhabitants of the Cape Verde
archipelago.
The results presented in this
paper come from a research
project A/023083/09 funded
by AECID.
DOI 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2012-0015 VOL. 8 NO. 2 2014, pp. 219-233, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 1750-6182 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CULTURE, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH PAGE 219
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Moreover, it is possible to distinguish between two tourist pro?les within this particular
market segment:
1. a tourist elite with high purchasing power who seeks unique and differentiated
destinations; and
2. a segment with lower buying power comprising trippers and backpackers who also
want to travel to new and inaccessible places such as island destinations, but at a
much lower cost.
In this sense, islands in various parts of the world, especially Latin America, are now
becoming the preferred destination for these market segments. Despite the economic
bene?ts to be gained from the revenues generated by tourism and the creation of direct
and indirect employment, the negative effects of this type of tourism should not be
overlooked, namely, environmental concerns (higher demands for water, creation of new
infrastructure, increased waste, etc.) and impacts on the traditional culture of the island’s
inhabitants which can lead to the loss of traditional lifestyles.
For this reason, it is important to develop a community-based tourism(CBT) model for these
destinations in which initiatives are planned in conjunction with members of the local
community who participate in decision-making processes and bene?t equally from the
positive effects of tourism. A tourism model of this type should take into account the
characteristics and idiosyncrasies of the island to prevent, insofar as possible, undesirable
outcomes, while providing an avenue for sustainable development.
The aim of this paper is to examine the current situation of tourism on the island of Boa Vista
in Cape Verde, Africa, from the point of view of both the supply side and the demand side
of tourism services. To achieve this aim, this paper studies the point of view of tourism
service providers on the island regarding its positioning as a tourist destination as well as
the strategies that should be implemented to improve this positioning, with a view to
developing CBT. On the demand side, it is determined the economic and socio-
demographic characteristics of visitors to Boavista and analysed the use of community
tourism services and the reasons that lead visitors to request them or not, as well as
identifying tourists’ perceptions about the features and attractions of the island. To end, the
opinion of tourism service providers and users regarding the positioning of tourism services
in Boa Vista are compared.
This article makes a novel contribution insofar as there are few studies on CBT in Africa,
especially on islands. Relevant studies focusing speci?cally on Cape Verde have only been
published recently, as will be seen later in the literature review. Moreover, these studies
typically examine the perceptions of tourists or residents, whereas this paper makes a
comparison of both tourism demand and supply in the island.
The tourism sector in Boa Vista is currently at an initial start-up and development stage
where the main in?ux of tourists travel to the island’s major tourist resorts that offer
all-inclusive holiday packages. Following the introduction, the literature on community-
based island tourism is reviewed in Section 2, whereas the geographical area under study
is described in Section 3. The research methodology is then presented in the Section 4,
and the main results are drawn and discussed in the Section 5. The conclusions are
presented in Section 6.
2. Review of the literature
Tourism is an economic activity that is regarded as a highly valuable mechanism for
reducing poverty in the most disadvantaged countries and as such has come to occupy an
increasingly important place on policy agendas throughout the world.
Within this context, CBT – a concept which ?rst appeared in the work of Murphy (1985) and
whose model is illustrated in the works of Gunn and Var (2002), Ritchie (1999), Inskeep
(1991) and Woodley (1993) – is now being endorsed by organisations such as the United
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Nations World Tourism Organization. Aimed at creating tourism products and services in
conjunction with the local community, the main objective of CBT is to integrate tourism
services (accommodation, catering, complementary offerings or tourism management) as
a complement to and in connection with other systems (education, health care or the
environment) and develop projects by and for local residents that enable them to interact
directly with visitors (Cioce et al., 2007). Self-management and direct control by the local
community over decisions to develop tourism initiatives is another fundamental aspect of
this type of tourism (Inostroza, 2008).
A sample of de?nitions for CBT can be found in the literature (Table I).
Although these contributions cover a large time span, all of them share a common
denominator: the importance of planning and attention to the local population or residents.
Regarding this last aspect, as the above de?nitions indicate, the attitude of local residents
will be directly related to the perceived costs and bene?ts of tourism activity. If the
observed costs outweigh the bene?ts, residents will not support tourism development, and
their involvement will be limited. In contrast, if the observed bene?ts outweigh the costs, the
opposite will occur (Snaith and Haley, 1999). In less developed countries, the frequent lack
of democratic processes in many cases and the lack of capacity and self-esteemdue to the
low educational level of residents in others have meant that local residents are often
excluded from participating in planning and decision-making processes. In the case of
tourism planning, in particular, participation is almost marginal (Dola and Mijan, 2006), with
top-down development processes being more common (Teye et al., 2002). According to
Cater (1994), it is in these less developed countries where the local population must play
a greater role, as they should receive the bene?ts and will often suffer the negative impacts
more severely. Thus, participation is not only essential but also a necessary requisite for the
Table I Theoretical contributions on CBT
Author/s Theoretical contribution
France (1997) CBT is a type of tourism managed by and for the local community. It can take
the form of alternative tourism or may be a type of tourism intended for large
groups similar to mass tourism, organised packages and even hired transport
Roman and Ciccolella (2009) The Argentine Ministry of Environment has established National Tourism Law
No. 25.997 (2005), which provides for the multidisciplinary integration, among
others, of physical, cultural and environmental resources in tourism planning
and development
Mathieson and Wall (2006) In their discussion of CBT, these authors refer to enhancement at the local
level as well as increased opportunities to participate in and manage the
tourism development process. Local residents should be provided
opportunities not only to participate in but also to bene?t from such
development through investment and employment in projects of this type as
well as in supporting activities
Shaw and Williams (2004) Tourism planning is a necessary differential that must be ful?lled in CBT and
should be carried out with the involvement and consensus of the community to
ensure that the community obtains the bene?ts of tourism activity and promote
community over individual action
Tourism development must take account of and respect the needs and
lifestyles of the host community to avoid con?ict with the local culture
Murphy (1985); Beech and Chadwick (2006) CBT planning must consider a number of limiting factors to be taken into
account by the local community:
Degree of understanding of and involvement in community policy
Nature of tourism and related problems
Perception and attitudes of the population towards tourism
Apathy of citizens
Cost in time spent on planning the activity/expected bene?ts
Ensure that involvement will translate into real bene?ts for the local population
Complex decision-making and planning processes hinder involvement
Source: The authors
VOL. 8 NO. 2 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CULTURE, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH PAGE 221
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sustainability of this type of tourism whose greatest exponent must be the local population
(D’Amore, 1992; Green, 1995; Leslie, 1993; Murphy, 1988).
According to López-Guzmán and Sánchez Cañizares (2009), there are three main reasons
that justify involving the local community in tourism planning and management:
1. it aids local residents in adapting to change;
2. it opens their minds; and
3. it involves them in the tourism product.
Manyara and Jones (2007) consider that the bene?ts of CBT include the potential economic
impact on the community, socio-economic development and the sustainable diversi?cation
of lifestyles. Kibicho (2008) also mentions the positive impact of minimising con?icts
between tourism stakeholders, building synergies and the exchange of knowledge and
skills among members of the community.
Several case studies have been reported in the research on CBT initiatives in different
areas of the world such as Asia (Okazaki, 2008; Nyaupane et al., 2006; Harris, 2009; Lacher
and Nepal, 2010; Cahndralal, 2010), Oceania (Dyer et al., 2003), Africa (Lepp, 2007;
Manyara et al., 2007; Kibicho, 2008; López-Guzmán et al., 2011; Castillo and
López-Guzmán, 2011; Castillo et al., 2012), North America (Stewart and Draper, 2009) and
Latin America (Morales, 2006; Guerreiro, 2007; Zorn and Farthing, 2007; Ruiz et al., 2008;
Trejos and Nora Chiang, 2009).
Islands have long attracted a large number of visitors, as they are synonymous with
tranquillity, individual freedom and the exotic. The need for an interdisciplinary approach to
tourism planning in developing countries was advocated by King (1997) in his book
Creating Island Resorts. His work stressed the critical importance of embracing and
incorporating community needs in the process of developing resorts and marketing the
destination. Tourism plays a signi?cant role in the socio-economic development of islands
and island chains, as it provides a dynamic model for economic growth (Schubert et al.,
2011; Holzner, 2011). Nonetheless, islands are at a disadvantage due to the physical
distance that separates them from markets, resulting in higher prices on transactions
(exports and imports) and labour markets that are largely constrained by their reliance on
expatriates (Milne, 1992). This circumstance is clearly seen in the Cape Verde archipelago,
whose dependence on exports and their high price represents an economic threat that has
not yet been overcome. Another issue affecting tourism development in isolated
communities is the presence of an oligopoly in terms of tourism infrastructure (Wiltshier and
Cardow, 2008). Consequently, tourism comes to be viewed as a simple way to achieve
economic development, and the tourism policies of some islands can turn into power
struggles that do not bene?t the local community (Altinay, 2007).
A number of studies, however, report how the concept of community-based and
sustainable tourism has served as a foundation for tourism planning initiatives in several
islands among them: Suriki Island in Bolivia (Cardenas Villanueva, 2001) where the totora
reed boats built by local craftsmen, cuisine, traditional agriculture (as practiced in
pre-Hispanic times) and religious rituals are a source of CBT initiatives. Another example is
Juan Venado Island in Nicaragua (PROARCA, 2005), which forms part of the
co-management of protected areas project (COMAP) project developed by the Nicaraguan
Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources to promote a new management scheme
for protected nature areas. Under the project, six protected nature areas (including the
island of Juan Venado) are co-managed through an agreement by which the government
permits non-pro?t NGOs to administer the areas following a selection process. This
concept of co-management between private landowners and the local community has
been implemented in other regions of Latin America with some success. One project of this
kind is that of Taquile (Montoya Canchis, 2007), a Quechua community located on an island
in Lake Titicaca in southern Peru. The taquileños have developed their own, highly original,
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initiative aimed at creating a solidarity economy. The originality of the initiative stems from
how the community has linked its textile handicrafts, dance, music and cultural heritage in
general to the demands of the international tourism market. Another example is that of the
community of Anapia (Giraldo, 2001), an island located in the lower Titicaca Lake body of
Winaymarka that has established a partnership with the All Ways Travel travel agency to
develop a tourism project on the island. In the ?rst stage, the travel agency and members
of the Anapia community collaborated in evaluating and designing the project, after which,
an agreement was signed between both parties to establish their mutual obligations and
bene?ts. Moreover, the island of Ometepe, in Nicaragua (Sánchez Crispin et al., 2008), one
of the poorest countries in Latin America, has four associations belonging to the
Nicaraguan Network of Rural and Community Tourism and the Sustainable Tourism
Network. Their common goal is to ensure that the community-based rural tourism initiatives
being developed on the island complement traditional economic activities and involve the
local residents in promoting and proposing activities as well as permitting them to obtain
bene?ts from the in?ux of domestic and foreign tourists. The number of tourists visiting the
island has increased sixfold in the past 20 years. Yet another initiative is that of the Chatham
Islands (Wiltshier and Cardow, 2008), an archipelago of New Zealand which seeks to
identify local community responses to the challenge of diversi?cation through tourism
services.
There is little consensus in the specialised literature regarding the number and type of
tourists that visit areas where community-based initiatives are in the process of being
implemented. Authors such as Nyaupane et al. (2006) are of the opinion that few tourists
should visit these destinations to promote closer contact with the host culture and prevent
tourists from invading the community’s private domain. Inostroza (2008), however, believes
that a CBT project should generate a large-enough in?ux of visitors to provide a reasonable
income for the local community.
Whatever the case may be, the fact that high-quality tourism services require host
destinations to have a certain standard of living is unquestionable. For this reason, CBT
initiatives must also aim at improving the socio-economic conditions of local residents to
ensure that visitors’ experiences are positive and thus create a virtuous circle between the
two.
3. Geographic scope of the study
This empirical research study examines the archipelago of Cape Verde, speci?cally the
island of Boa Vista. Cape Verde is composed of ten volcanic islands located in the Atlantic
Ocean. The country was a Portuguese colony until it gained independence. The
archipelago is now one of the few African countries where democratic stability is a reality.
The absence of serious problems of a social origin (ethnic or religious con?icts) or due to
natural causes (hurricanes or epidemics) means that Cape Verde is a safe tourist
destination. Moreover, the island has experienced signi?cant economic growth in recent
years due in part to the increase in tourism. All these factors make this destination an
interesting opportunity for investors.
Boa Vista is the least populated island of the archipelago, accounting for only 1.2 per cent
of the country’s total population. The economy is based primarily on agriculture, ?shing and
sun-and-sand tourism, which is currently in expansion following the construction of a new
international airport on the island. Last year, just ?160,000 tourists visited the island,
representing about 34.2 per cent of the total in?ow in the country and positioning Boa Vista
as the second most visited island, after the island of Sal (54.8 per cent), with number of
overnight stays accounting for 27.2 per cent of all overnight stays in Cape Verde (National
Statistics Institute, 2010).
Boa Vista is the island that has experienced the largest growth in accommodation
establishments with an increase of 217 per cent in the period 2000-2010. The island’s
VOL. 8 NO. 2 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CULTURE, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH PAGE 223
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numerous beautiful beaches are the main attraction for visitors, although Boa Vista also
offers ecotourism activities including turtle, whale and dolphin and bird watching. In
addition to sun-and-sand tourism, the government also promotes cultural tourism through
events such as the Boa Vista Music Festival.
4. Methodology
The methodology used to conduct the research study consisted of two analyses: a series
of personal interviews using a questionnaire with both open- and close-ended questions
focusing on the supply side and a survey on the demand side of tourism to de?ne and
analyse the current status of this sector on the island of Boa Vista.
The interview on tourism supply was conducted with a panel of experts formed by tourism
service providers located in Boa Vista. A total of 12 experts were interviewed. The aim was
to analyse their opinions regarding the positioning of Boa Vista as a tourist destination and
the strengths and weaknesses with a view to future lines of action with the purpose of
determining which aspects should be taken into account in developing CBT. Speci?cally,
the interview was divided into a section on the characteristics of the companies where the
experts worked, another section on the perception of Boa Vista tourist attractions from
the standpoint of the providers and a last section which included some questions about the
future potential and possible negative aspects of tourism in the area. The ?rst two sections
included close-ended questions, while the third included four open-ended questions.
Based on the analysis of the responses obtained in this last section, a SWOT matrix on the
strengths and weaknesses of tourism development in Boa Vista was obtained.
The survey on demand was administered to foreign tourists in different areas of the island.
These areas included beaches near resorts where most of the tourism on Boa Vista is
concentrated or remote areas and more isolated places to ?nd tourists with other priorities
that would enrich the sample. Prior to the survey, a pre-test comprising 15 surveys was
conducted to detect possible deviations and errors. A total of 202 valid surveys were
obtained. The ?eldwork was conducted from June to July 2010.
The measurement instrument used in the demand surveys was based on a questionnaire
containing 18 items regarding the respondents’ reasons for travelling to the island of Boa
Vista, demographic data, the utilisation of services provided by small- and medium-sized
enterprises and their assessment of certain aspects of the island in a 5-point Likert scale.
The questionnaire was administered in four different languages (Portuguese, English,
French and Spanish).
The data gathered were tabulated and analysed using the appropriate SPSS 15.0 database
software. The results were then obtained by means of statistical analysis techniques:
univariate and bivariate analysis (cross-tabs and ?
2
tests) as well as a factor analysis.
In what follows, a summary is provided of the main results obtained for both study groups
during the ?eldwork. Speci?cally, two analyses are carried out: one of tourismsupply based
on the interviews of the panel of experts and another of tourism demand based on the
?eldwork conducted among a sample of tourists visiting the island.
5. Results
5.1 Tourism supply
As it was said above, the panel of experts was formed by 12 tourism service providers in Boa
Vista. Speci?cally, the group comprised seven tourist accommodation providers, two active
tourism companies, one travel agency, one restaurant-bar owner and one handicrafts
workshop. Of these companies, 58.4 per cent have between one and nine employees, whereas
the remaining 41.6 per cent have ten or more employees (33.3 per cent are companies with
?20 employees, all of which are high-category hotels).
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Although ?ve of the members on the panel were Cape Verde nationals, six were Europeans
(two of whom were Portuguese) and one member was from continental Africa. Most of the
companies were recent start-ups, and only two had been operating on Boa Vista for more
than ten years.
The companies show a relatively high level of commitment to the socio-economic
development of the island, as the respondents stated that they had a large percentage of
local workers on their staff, invest in training on a sporadic or frequent basis and, in almost
half the cases, use locally supplied products. In three cases, however, the respondents
stated that they purchased imported products due to the dif?culty of acquiring supplies on
time as a result of Cape Verde’s de?cient maritime shipping infrastructure. The island is
unable to supply a wide range of products for its own consumption because its sandy soil
is a barrier to agricultural production.
The majority of the members on the panel (75 per cent) stated that they actively participate
in tourism planning on the island through membership in associations, cooperatives,
partnerships with the city hall and others. However, more than half the group did not receive
any funding for their companies, and only one company had received micro-credits.
The respondents’ opinions regarding the training level of staff employed in the tourism
sector of Boa Vista is somewhat negative. Only one member of the panel stated that the
workers were well-trained, while ?ve of them felt that the training level was adequate
and the remaining six respondents responded that it was low or null. The panel also
believed that the Government of Cape Verde should make a greater effort to improve
the training of local workers in particular. Likewise, they felt that the development of
sustainable, CBT initiatives could bene?t both the local community and private
companies as well as the state itself and contribute to reducing emigration by local
youth to other areas. The opinion of the panel is that there are few solidarity tourism
initiatives underway in the area, with the exception of restaurants and handicrafts
establishments. However, practically all the group (92 per cent responded af?rmatively
to this question) think that the development of CBT initiatives could contribute to
increasing the island’s wealth.
Circumstances similar to those of Boa Vista which prevent the further development of
community tourism occur in Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua and other countries: the lack of access
by local communities to capital, training opportunities, telecommunications and hence the
global marketplace and lack of government support, among other factors, hinder the
development of local tourism enterprises, which is the means by which local communities can
bene?t from the economic opportunities tourism offers (Manyara et al., 2007). These problems
arise in many other regions with high levels of CBT and have a fundamental impact on the
community’s perception of tourism and hence local attitudes towards it.
To conclude this section, a SWOT matrix with a summary of the conclusions drawn from the
interviews conducted among members of the panel of experts is shown in Table II.
5.2 Tourism demand
In this section, the type of tourist that visits the island and their motivations and desires are
analysed. The aim is to highlight the most prominent elements in Boa Vista as a tourist
destination, elements which should be accounted for in future tourism planning.
This second analysis begins with an overview of the pro?le of tourists on Boa Vista
(Table III). Visitors to Boa Vista are mostly young travellers (?75 per cent are ?50 years
old) with a relatively high educational level (58.8 per cent have a university degree). The
tourists visit the island for the ?rst time for leisure purposes and are usually accompanied
by their partner or their partner and children and spend from one to two weeks on the
island. The main countries of origin of the tourists are Portugal, Germany and the UK.
Visitors from Portugal travel to the island on direct ?ights from Lisbon. Germany and the UK
also offer vacation packages (?ight ? hotel) to travel to this destination.
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As regards the reasons for choosing this destination, the majority of tourists do so (Table IV)
based on recommendations from friends, colleagues or family members who have visited Boa
Vista, followed by a smaller percentage who obtained information from tourist brochures or on
the Internet. It is noteworthy that recommendations by travel agencies account for only 14.2 per
cent of all cases, thus indicating the need to make better use of this medium to promote Boa
Vista as a tourist destination. Hotels are the most common accommodation, with the majority of
tourists lodging at island’s resorts. The resorts on the island are mainly run by Spanish hotel
chains and, as mentioned previously, operate on an all-inclusive basis. According to the results
of the survey, of the 90 per cent of tourists staying in hotels, ?95 per cent lodge at 4-star (42
per cent) and 5-star (53.4 per cent) facilities, while only a small number of tourists makes use
of the island’s small, family-run hotels and hostels.
In almost all cases, air transport is the method used to reach the island (97 per cent), with
only 1 per cent of all visitors travelling to the island of Boa Vista by ship or boat. As regards
travel on the island itself, 77.8 per cent did not use a car and 84.3 per cent did not hire
rental cars. In contrast, 44.4 per cent used taxis for this purpose due to the high cost of
hiring cars at the rental agencies operating on the island. Because few tourists actually
travel around the island, as they rarely venture out from the resorts, it is cheaper to request
taxi service, as the price can usually be negotiated beforehand with the driver.
5.2.1 Use of CBT services on Boa Vista Island. The aim of this section of the survey was to
gain more speci?c insight into CBT services that are more or less in demand and why. By
gaining knowledge about the demand side of tourism, it is possible to identify the
shortcomings of these services with a view to making them a more popular tourism option.
A negative aspect identi?ed in the study is the lack of knowledge or limited use of CBT
services by visitors to Boa Vista, whether these services are hotels (26.8 per cent),
restaurants (26.8 per cent), handicrafts (17.2 per cent), tour guides (24.2 per cent) or
recreational activities (12.7 per cent). This is due to the fact that to use these
community-based services, the tourists staying at the island’s large resorts must leave the
Table II SWOT matrix of the socio-economic situation of Boa Vista
Strengths Weaknesses
Natural environment (unspoiled beaches)
International airport
Water sports
Less saturated than other sun-and-sand destinations
The average salary ranges from €220- €600, depending on the job
category. Salaries are somewhat higher than on the other islands of
Cape Verde
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of drinking water
The sandy soil of Boa Vista as well as of Sal Island is a
barrier to the development of agriculture
With very rare exceptions, all of the products used in
accommodations establishments are imported
The Municipal Chamber of the island functions in a
highly autonomous manner from the central
government, thus hindering relations and policymaking
procedures
Investment by the major hotel chains on the island does
not improve the wealth of the inhabitants of the island,
as revenues are not distributed by the government
Opportunities Threats
Investment by hotel chains in land and training
Need to reach an agreement to develop a plan for sustainable
tourism which should be approved by the parliament with the
support of all political parties
Possibility of family tourism: tourist accommodation in the island’s
traditional guest houses
Possibility of developing a CBT model with the participation of the
inhabitants of the island in the strategic decisions on future tourism
development
Costly air transportation
Costly and slow shipping infrastructure between islands
Increasing costs of tourism-related services
Increased safety concerns
Tariffs and transport greatly increase the cost of the
?nal product, meaning that the savings derived from
lower wages are reduced
The shipping monopoly held by a single company
means that perishable goods do not arrive in proper
conditions, forcing companies to rely on imports
Source: Authors based on the opinions of the panel of experts
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con?nes of the hotels, which also offer a full range of leisure activities. Thus, the bene?ts
derived fromtourismdo not have a positive socio-economic impact on the local community.
When visitors were asked about their reasons for using or not using community-based
services (Table V), those who have used such services stated that they were highly
satis?ed with them (41.27 per cent), whereas one in three respondents said that they chose
this type of tourism, as they support and are aware of the importance of such initiatives. In
contrast, the respondents who did not make use of these services stated that it was due to
their lack of knowledge about companies that offer them.
One issue that should be examined in further depth is the relationship between usage of the
different CBT services offered on the island, that is if tourists who request one of these
services also use similar services provided by other companies. Table VI shows the results
of a ?
2
test to measure the dependency between variables of the ?ve services studied.
The results of the ?
2
test show that visitors who normally lodge in hotels run by the local
inhabitants of Boa Vista also go to traditional restaurants on the island. When analysing the
pro?le of tourists who make use of both services, it is striking to note that the majority are
German (43.5 per cent) and have a secondary education (45.8 per cent).
Table III Pro?le of visitors to Boa Vista
Variable N Percentage Variable N Percentage
Sex 200 First visit to the island 192
Male 101 50.5 Yes 159 81.3
Female 99 49.5 No 33 18.7
Age 197 Reason for trip 198
?30 years 48 24.4 Tourism 166 83.0
30-39 years 55 27.9 Business 21 10.5
40-49 years 48 24.4 Visit family/friends 2 1.0
50-59 years 29 14.7 Others 9 5.5
?60 years 17 8.6
Education 185 Length of stay 197
Primary school 10 5.4 One day without overnight 6 3.0
Secondary school 67 35.8 Two days, 1 night 5 2.5
University diploma 68 36.9 Three to seven days 102 51.8
University degree 40 21.9 More than a week 84 42.6
Country of origin 192 Type of travel 198
Spain 8 4.2 Alone 20 10.1
Germany 47 24.5 With partner 102 51.5
Portugal 47 24.5 With partner and children 35 17.7
Cape Verde 6 3.1 With colleagues from work 14 7.1
France 5 2.6 With friends 22 11.1
Switzerland 2 1.0 Alone with children 5 2.5
Italy 23 12.0
Belgium 15 7.8
The Netherlands 1 0.5
The United Kingdom 35 18.2
The Czech Republic 2 1.0
Bulgaria 1 0.5
Table IV Reasons for choosing the destination and type of accommodation
Reason for choosing the destination (N ? 183) Percentage Type of accommodation (N ? 197) Percentage
Recommendation from friends/colleagues/family 27.9 Hotels 90.0
Tourist brochures 24.0 Flat rentals 5.0
Internet information 16.4 Hostels/guest houses 2.0
Recommendation by travel agency 14.2 House of family member/friend 2.0
Advertisements 3.8 Others 1.0
Others 13.7
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A statistical association was found between the demand for gastronomic services and
handicrafts, mainly among the Portuguese (40.0 per cent) and Germans (26.7 per cent)
with a university diploma (73.3 per cent). A relationship was also observed between the
demand for restaurant and catering services and recreational activities, but does not
correspond to a speci?c tourist pro?le.
An association was also observed between the use of tourist guides and community-based
recreational activities. Again, when ?ltering the users of these services, the majority were
found to be Germans (42.9 per cent) with a university diploma (50.0 per cent).
The main point to highlight in this section is the fact that 92.3 per cent of the tourists who
used stated that they would repeat the experience.
5.2.2 Satisfaction with the tourism offering on the island. In this section, tourist perceptions
of the tourism offering of Boa Vista are analysed and compared to the opinions of tourism
service providers. The results permit to determine what aspects of the offering are
inaccurate or misleading for locals and thus work in this line in subsequent tourismplanning
processes.
According to Brienhann and Wickens (2004), it is essential to study the image that tourists
form regarding the attitude of the local community, including issues such as infrastructure,
environment, events and others, as their assessment of these elements will have a major
in?uence on their tourism experience.
To examine these issues, the tourists were asked to rate their level of satisfaction with
various tourism services offered on Boa Vista on a 5-point Likert scale (1-very unsatis?ed
to 5-very satis?ed). As shown in Table VII, the most highly valued aspects are
accommodation, the hospitality of the local inhabitants and the beaches of the island, while
overall satisfaction with the trip obtained a score of ?4 points (4.17).
In contrast, the tourists gave low scores to aspects such as public spaces,
telecommunications (telephone and Internet services function poorly), cultural activities or
the information and signage of roads and streets.
In Table VII, an additional column has been added with the average score the panel of
experts gave to each of the services. The number in brackets refers to the ranking of each
of these services ordered from best to worst.
As can be seen, the tourists and the experts coincide in the ?ve most highly valued
aspects, albeit in a different order. Thus, while accommodation is the best service in the
Table V Reasons for using/not using CBT services
Reason for not using these services (N ? 135) Percentage Reason for using these services (N ? 126) Percentage
I do not know of any companies 34.33 They are cheaper 21.43
They are very expensive 17.91 I like the type of service they provide 41.27
I don’t like this type of service 11.94 I support initiatives of this kind 30.16
Others 35.82 Others 7.14
Table VI Results of the ?
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test of association between CBT services
Restaurants and catering
services (N ? 198)
Handicrafts
(N ? 198)
Tourist guides
(N ? 198)
Recreational activities
(N ? 197)
Hotels 12.657 (0.001)* 0.800 (0.252) 2.078 (0.103) 0.378 (0.346)
Restaurants and
catering services
– 6.304 (0.013)** 0.186 (0.398) 2.497(0.093)***
Handicrafts – – 0.111 (0.445) 0.217 (0.411)
Tourist guides – – – 16.284(0.000)*
Notes: *p ? 0.01;**p ? 0.05;***p ? 0.10
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opinion of the tourists, the island’s sunny climate and beaches are the main attraction for
tourism service providers, who, with the exception of this aspect, always give a lower rating
to these items than the tourists. As for the most poorly rated items, although commercial
and cultural activities are perceived negatively by the panel of experts, public safety,
information and signage 7on the island and cleanliness obtains the worst score. Unlike the
tourism service providers, the tourists think the island is quite clean.
A factor analysis was conducted on the demand sample to detect common factors underlying
these variables. The rotated component matrix is presented in Table VIII. A prior discriminant
analysis showed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.905. The extraction method used was principal
components with varimax rotation. The percentage of variance explained is 63.86 per cent.
The factors obtained reveal which aspects of the destination are most highly valued by
tourists. The title and a brief summary of each component are provided below:

Component 1. Overall situation of the island’s surroundings and general services:
accessibility, public safety, cleanliness, information, telecommunications, cultural
activities, shopping areas, ecology and hiking.
Table VII Score for Boa Vista tourism services (1–very unsatis?ed, 5–very satis?ed)
Variable N Average score N Average score by experts
Accommodation 178 4.29 12 3.00 (5)
Hospitality 176 4.28 12 3.67 (2)
Sunny climate and beaches 186 4.21 12 4.45 (1)
Restaurants and catering services 179 3.98 12 3.30 (4)
Cuisine 180 3.97 12 3.44 (3)
Cleanliness 181 3.86 12 2.00 (16)
Flora and fauna 158 3.60 11 3.09 (7)
Cost of trip 185 3.59 12 2.82 (8)
Conservation 168 3.56 12 2.45 (10)
Safety 176 3.52 12 2.09 (15)
Accessibility 177 3.45 11 2.44 (11)
Ecology 155 3.44 11 2.38 (12)
Hiking 137 3.31 10 3.00 (5)
Information 156 3.31 11 2.00 (16)
Cultural activities 163 3.20 10 2.27 (14)
Telecommunications 169 3.06 11 2.50 (9)
Shopping areas 160 2.58 12 2.33 (13)
Table VIII Factor analysis: rotated component matrix
Component 1 2 3 4
Cost of trip 0.330 0.719
Hospitality 0.326 0.692
Conservation 0.364 0.455 0.606
Information 0.546 0.514
Accommodation 0.663 0.386
Restaurants and catering services 0.867
Accessibility 0.672 0.458
Safety 0.599 0.388
Cleanliness 0.471 0.353 0.465
Telecommunications 0.755
Cuisine 0.796
Cultural activities 0.601 0.342
Shopping areas 0.612 0.459
Ecology 0.545 0.343
Sunny climate and beaches 0.798
Flora and fauna 0.873
Hiking 0.426 0.402 0.337
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Component 2: accommodation and cuisine on the island: accommodation, restaurants
and catering services and cuisine.

Component 3: natural environment: sunny climate and beaches, ?ora and fauna.
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Component 4: quality–price ratio: cost of trip, hospitality and conservation of island.
These four components comprise elements that tourists value together with their perception
of the trip. The ?rst component is the most comprehensive in terms of the services and
conditions offered on the island, aspects which the tourists value globally in their
perceptions about the trip. The second component focuses exclusively on accommodation
and catering services that are valued simultaneously in the traveller’s experience. The third
component refers to elements of a more intangible nature such as the observation of ?ora
and fauna of the island and the sensations produced by the climate and the beauty of the
beaches of Boa Vista. Finally, the fourth component contains various aspects that
contribute to tourists’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the destination.
6. Conclusions
In response to travellers’ seeking new alternatives to traditional travel, the scienti?c
literature has shown that CBT is a unique type of tourism in which the community plays a
key role (Harris, 2009; Kibicho, 2008, Manyara and Jones, 2007; Okazaki, 2008, Castillo et
al., 2012) through its involvement and participation in tourism planning and implementation.
Moreover, the natural and cultural heritage of the local communities are decisive for the
success of this type of tourism. CBT is beginning to develop in different areas of the world
(Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, etc.). The consumers of CBT are usually more
sophisticated, culturally curious and university-educated travellers who seek to interact
with the culture and immerse themselves in it. In certain island destinations, however,
sun-and-sand tourism at large resorts continues to predominate the sector, making it
dif?cult for the local community to share in the bene?ts generated by tourism revenues.
This article has analysed the case of Boa Vista Island in Cape Verde, Africa, a new destination
that began to increase in popularity ?ve years ago and is chie?y characterised by
sun-and-sand tourism, managed by large hotel chains that offer all-inclusive holiday packages.
In addition to these large foreign-run resorts, the island also offers smaller CBT initiatives that
are attempting to position themselves in the market to ensure that the wealth generated by
tourismhas a direct and positive impact on the inhabitants of the island. However, although the
development of CBT on the island may contribute to reducing poverty in the medium to long
term, this initiative is still in its early stages and has yet to show progress in this regard.
The main results of this study are twofold. As regards the supply side of tourism, the
community is actively participating in the development of sustainable tourism; efforts which
are often constrained by the geographical barriers of Boa Vista (sandy soil, poor
accessibility to other islands) and the institutional and political situation of the island in
which the Municipal Chamber functions in a highly autonomous manner and the central
government does not redistribute the pro?ts gained from land investments made by the
major hotel chains on the island.
Regarding the demand side of tourism, tourists learn about this travel destination chie?y
through informal channels of information, thus highlighting the need to promote this
destination more widely on the Internet, in brochures and through travel agencies. The vast
majority of tourists stay at the island’s all-inclusive resorts. As a result, few tourists require
the services provided by the community mainly because they are unaware that such
services exist (the hotels already offer their guests all the services and the guests believe
that outside services are more expensive). Nevertheless, visitors to the island are, in
general, highly satis?ed with their travel experience.
In conclusion, Boa Vista has an enormous potential for developing the sun-and-sand
tourism segment. However, for this type of tourism to be sustainable and contribute
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positively to the local community, coordination is needed between the different
stakeholders involved, including the government, civil society and tourism operators. Both
the public and the private sector as well as local organisations and NGOs, should become
involved in joint strategies aimed at developing sustainable tourism on the island. Greater
participation by the local community in small-scale tourism initiatives would mitigate
adverse effects on the ecosystem and contribute to transforming the island of Boa Vista into
an example of how sun-and-sand tourism can be a highly satisfying experience for tourists,
while leading to sustainable growth that would bene?t the entire island community.
In what follows, some recommendations to aid in successfully implementing CBT on Boa
Vista are proposed.
For example, it would be advisable to establish an observatory on CBT with a view to
monitoring and contributing to the development of this particular type of tourism to respond
in an appropriate, prompt and ongoing manner to the problems and demands that may
arise. This way, more information about this tourist destination could be disseminated
internationally in the mass media, particularly through the use of new technologies that
reach all population segments and are easily accessible.
It would also be advisable to create a local association of tourism service providers, which
could in turn form part of a larger umbrella association with a greater scope. An association of
this kind would not only give its members the opportunity to share their experiences but could
also act as a representative body to put forward their demands to government departments
and agencies. It could also provide tourism-related community services such as visitor centres
or tourist information of?ces. In the opinion of the experts, a partnership of this type would allow
the island’s tourism service providers to exert more pressure on the political authorities and
obtain their commitment to providing the sector economic and other types of support.
In addition to improving the island’s infrastructure, it is essential to develop training
schemes to ensure the appropriate and successful implementation of local initiatives.
Indeed, it will be dif?cult for such initiatives to be successful if they are not accompanied
by the appropriate training in the management of these establishments.
To ensure that the Cape Verdeans share in the bene?ts generated by tourism, local
enterprises or community-based enterprises must be widely promoted and regulated. To
do so, an inventory of potential tourism resources must be made, taking into account
aspects of the country’s cultural heritage that can empower and strengthen the community
by linking them to CBT, namely, music, food, crafts, history, archaeology, architecture,
literature, agriculture, industry, folklore, unique ethnic features, geology, ?ora, fauna, active
tourism, hunting, ?shing and sun-and-sand tourism, among others.
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Beech, J. and Chadwick, S. (2006), The Business of Tourism Management, Prentice Hall, London.
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indígenas, mercado y sostenibilidad, O?cina Internacional del Trabajo, Lima, pp. 22-28.
Corresponding author
Sandra M. Sánchez-Cañizares can be contacted at: [email protected]
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