What is Budget? What are its characteristics?
A budget is a financial document or an action plan which is prepared and used to project future income and expenses. It outlines an organization’s financial and operational goals. It can also include non- monetary information with the monetary information. They need to be made and approved in advance of the year in which they are to be used or implemented.
Following are the characteristics of a good budget:
ü It is expressed in quantitative or monetary terms
ü It is prepared for a fixed period of time
ü It is prepared before the period in which it commences
ü Practical to implement
ü It spells out the objects and the policies to be pursued in order to achieve the objective of the organization.
ü Many people are involved in drawing up a budget.
ü Flexible enough to allow changes in the changing environment
ü Prepared on the basis of established standards of performance
ü Analysis of cost and revenues
On the basis of budget report performance of the organization is constantly monitored.
What is Budgetary Control? What are its characteristics?
Budgetary Control is a methodical control technique whereby budgets are prepared relating the responsibilities of budget holders. It is a continuous comparison of actual results with budgeted results, to ensure that the objectives of the company’s policy are achieved; or to provide a basis for the change of those objectives. In simple terms, it is the analysis of the plans which the organization has made; what was the result when those plans were implemented practically. After practical implementation of the budget if any variation is seen in the actual result to the budget result then the reasons for the variations are found out and corrective actions are taken to correct variations.
Following are the characteristics of budgetary control:
ü It deals with the establishment of the budgets.
ü A control technique where actual results are extracted from the organization’s operations and compared with the budget prepared.
ü Any differences or variations are computed and made the responsibility of key individual who can either take actions for maintain the favorable variations or revise the budgets.
What are the advantages of Budgetary Control?
ü It is a powerful tool for the purpose of cost control and profit maximization.
ü It enables the management to maximize the use of available resources in a most profitable manner.
ü As a budgetary control is based on a budget which sets the plan of action in respect of various functional areas of operations
ü Thus, it acts as a means of declaration of the policies of the management
ü It acts as means of communication.
ü It acts as a means of improving co-ordination by developing team spirit in the organization.
ü It enables the management to take proper actions in regard to the adverse variations in the actual and budgeted results.
ü It enables the delegation of authority.
ü It is a powerful tool with the management for performance appraisal.
ü It also provides a basis for the establishment of the incentive systems
What are the pre-requisites to implement Budgetary Control?
ü First a Budget Centre which is that section of the organization for which the budget will be prepared should be clearly defined.
ü Budget Period or the time period for which the budget will be prepared and operated should be decided carefully. It should neither be too long nor too short.
ü An efficient and proper system of accounting should be established so that the information required for the proper implementation for the budgetary control can be available on time.
ü A proper organizational chart should be prepared properly, clearly depicting the responsibilities and duties of each level of executive.
ü A budget manual is an important document in relation to the budgetary control. It should be well written, indexed and divided into sections. It should include principles and objectives of budgetary control, duties and responsibilities of each executive in the organization, accounts codes, budget diagrams, etc.
ü A budget key factor should be assessed before preparing other functional budgets to ensure that other functional budgets are capable of fulfillment.
ü What are the major categories under which budgets are divided?
ü There are major four categories under which budgets are divided:
Finance Cash budget is the budget which is prepared under this functional area. It is an estimation of the expected cash receipts and cash payments during the budget period.
Personnel budget - The budget which is prepared under this area takes the form of a personnel budget, which indicates the requirement of personnel or labour force to conform to the production budget.
Miscellaneous
ü Overheads Cost Budget
ü Capital Expenditure Budget
Explain sales budget? What factors are taken into consideration while preparing it?
Sales budget is the budget of total sales expressed in terms of quantity or money. It is the between two factors i.e. sales quantity and selling price.
Following factors are taken into consideration while forecasting for sales quantity:
ü Analysis of Past Trend
ü Reports by Salesmen
ü Market Research and Market Survey
ü General Economic Conditions
Following factors are taken into account while forecasting for selling price:
ü Cost price of the product
ü Expected amount of profits
ü Selling price charged by the competitors
ü Advertisement and sales promotion techniques used by the company.
What is a production budget? Why is it prepared?
Production budget is a forecast of production for the budget period. It is prepared from two angles: In terms of quantity and in terms of money. Following budgets are prepared under the production budget:
ü Material Budget to estimate the material cost
ü Direct Labour Cost Budget to estimate the labour cost which are required to product the quantity as specified in the production budget.
ü Overhead Budget to estimate production overheads.
Production budget is prepared after taking various budgets into consideration. For a proper estimation of various costs associated with the production process makes it important to prepare production budget for the period in which production will take place.
What is a purchase budget? What things are considered before preparing it?
Purchase budget is a forecast of quantity and value of materials required to purchase during the budget period. This budget is closely connected to the production budget. Following points are required to be considered before preparing the purchase budget:
ü Opening and Closing balances of stocks
ü Materials purchased and reserved for specific purpose
ü Orders already placed
ü Quantity required by the production
ü Prices of materials.
ü Storing facilities and Economic order quantity.
ü Availability of funds
What is a cash budget? What are the different methods to prepare it?
Cash budget is the budget which is prepared under the finance budget. It is an estimation of the expected cash receipts and cash payments during the budget period. By preparing cash budget it becomes possible for the organisation to predict whether at any point of time there will be excess or shortage of cash. Two main points should be remembered before preparing cash budget: Time period of the cash budget and the items to be included in the cash budget.
Following methods are used to prepare cash budget:
ü Receipts and payments method: This method is useful for short term estimations. Under this method items should be categorized in two ways- Operating Cash Flows and Non-Operating Cash Flows
ü Balance Sheet method: This method is useful for long term estimations.
Adjusted Profits/Losses Method: This method is useful for long term estimations.
Compare fixed and flexible budgets.
A fixed budget is established for a specific level of activity whereas flexible budget is prepared for various levels of activity.
Fixed budget cannot be changed after the period commences, whereas a flexible budget can be changed after the period commence.
Fixed budget is more suitable for fixed expenses whereas flexible budget takes both fixed as well as variable expenses in account.
Fixed budget includes only fixed costs, whereas a flexible budget includes fixed costs, variable costs and semi variable costs.
Fixed budget is mainly used in planning stage whereas flexible budget is used in controlling stage.
Explain Budget Manual.
Budget Manual is a document which standardized methods and procedures required in relation to budgetary control. It also sets out the responsibility of persons engaged in the process. A budget manual should contain the following particulars:
Principles and objectives of the budgetary control:
ü Duties and responsibilities of the various executives
ü Organization chart
ü Duties of budget office and budget committee
ü Accounts codes and budget centre codes
What role does budgetary control play in cost control? What are the requirements for its successful implementation?
Budgetary Control is establishment of budgets and the continuous comparison of actual results with the planned results. It computes the variances and after that management takes necessary actions to maintain favorable variations, through revision of the budgets.
Following are the requirements for the successful implementation of Budgetary Control:
ü First a Budget Centre which is that section of the organization for which the budget will be prepared should be clearly defined.
ü Budget Period or the time period for which the budget will be prepared and operated should be decided carefully. It should neither be too long nor too short.
ü An efficient and proper system of accounting should be established so that the information required for the proper implementation for the budgetary control can be available on time.
ü A proper organizational chart should be prepared properly, clearly depicting the responsibilities and duties of each level of executive.
ü A budget manual, an important document in relation to the budgetary control. It should be well written, indexed and divided into sections. It should include principles and objectives of budgetary control, duties and responsibilities of each executive in the organization, accounts codes, budget diagrams, etc.
ü A budget key factor should be assessed before preparing other functional budgets to ensure that other functional budgets are capable of fulfillment.
What is management of cash?
Management of cash is a process of collecting, managing and investing cash. Cash is the most liquid form of current assets which ensures a company’s financial stability and solvency thus management of cash is the most important areas of overall working capital. It is the responsibility of the finance department to see that various functional areas of business have sufficient cash for their various operations. On the other hand it needs to be ensured that funds are not blocked in the form of ideal cash. Hence, successful cash management not only involves avoiding insolvency, but also speeding up the collection of receivables, delay in payment of liabilities, investment of ideal cash, keeping inventory levels low and create a cash budget in order to improve a company’s overall financial profitability.
What are the motives of a company behind holding the cash?
Transaction Motive: Requirement of cash to meet day to day needs is known as transaction motive. For example: On day to day basis the company is required to make regular payments like purchases, salaries/wages, taxes, interest, dividends etc. for which company will hold the cash. Similarly, company receives cash from its sale operations. However, sometimes receipts of the cash and the cash payments do not match with each other; in such situations the company should have enough cash to honor the commitments whenever they are due.
Precautionary Motive: Holding up of cash balance in order to take care of contingencies and unforeseen circumstances is known as precautionary motive. In addition to requirement of cash for regular transactions, the company may require the cash for such purposes which cannot be estimated or foreseen. For example: Sudden decline in the collection from the customers or sharp increase in the prices of raw materials may put the company in such a situation where they need additional funds to deal with such situation without affecting its regular business.
Speculative Motive: Holding up of some reserve in the form of cash to take the benefit of some specific nature of favorable market conditions is known speculative motive. For example: If the company presumes that in near future prices of raw material is going to be low, then it will preserve that cash for future purchase of raw material. In another case if interest rates are expected to increase then the company will purchase securities from the reserved cash.
What are the principles of cash management?
A budget is a financial document or an action plan which is prepared and used to project future income and expenses. It outlines an organization’s financial and operational goals. It can also include non- monetary information with the monetary information. They need to be made and approved in advance of the year in which they are to be used or implemented.
Following are the characteristics of a good budget:
ü It is expressed in quantitative or monetary terms
ü It is prepared for a fixed period of time
ü It is prepared before the period in which it commences
ü Practical to implement
ü It spells out the objects and the policies to be pursued in order to achieve the objective of the organization.
ü Many people are involved in drawing up a budget.
ü Flexible enough to allow changes in the changing environment
ü Prepared on the basis of established standards of performance
ü Analysis of cost and revenues
On the basis of budget report performance of the organization is constantly monitored.
What is Budgetary Control? What are its characteristics?
Budgetary Control is a methodical control technique whereby budgets are prepared relating the responsibilities of budget holders. It is a continuous comparison of actual results with budgeted results, to ensure that the objectives of the company’s policy are achieved; or to provide a basis for the change of those objectives. In simple terms, it is the analysis of the plans which the organization has made; what was the result when those plans were implemented practically. After practical implementation of the budget if any variation is seen in the actual result to the budget result then the reasons for the variations are found out and corrective actions are taken to correct variations.
Following are the characteristics of budgetary control:
ü It deals with the establishment of the budgets.
ü A control technique where actual results are extracted from the organization’s operations and compared with the budget prepared.
ü Any differences or variations are computed and made the responsibility of key individual who can either take actions for maintain the favorable variations or revise the budgets.
What are the advantages of Budgetary Control?
ü It is a powerful tool for the purpose of cost control and profit maximization.
ü It enables the management to maximize the use of available resources in a most profitable manner.
ü As a budgetary control is based on a budget which sets the plan of action in respect of various functional areas of operations
ü Thus, it acts as a means of declaration of the policies of the management
ü It acts as means of communication.
ü It acts as a means of improving co-ordination by developing team spirit in the organization.
ü It enables the management to take proper actions in regard to the adverse variations in the actual and budgeted results.
ü It enables the delegation of authority.
ü It is a powerful tool with the management for performance appraisal.
ü It also provides a basis for the establishment of the incentive systems
What are the pre-requisites to implement Budgetary Control?
ü First a Budget Centre which is that section of the organization for which the budget will be prepared should be clearly defined.
ü Budget Period or the time period for which the budget will be prepared and operated should be decided carefully. It should neither be too long nor too short.
ü An efficient and proper system of accounting should be established so that the information required for the proper implementation for the budgetary control can be available on time.
ü A proper organizational chart should be prepared properly, clearly depicting the responsibilities and duties of each level of executive.
ü A budget manual is an important document in relation to the budgetary control. It should be well written, indexed and divided into sections. It should include principles and objectives of budgetary control, duties and responsibilities of each executive in the organization, accounts codes, budget diagrams, etc.
ü A budget key factor should be assessed before preparing other functional budgets to ensure that other functional budgets are capable of fulfillment.
ü What are the major categories under which budgets are divided?
ü There are major four categories under which budgets are divided:
Finance Cash budget is the budget which is prepared under this functional area. It is an estimation of the expected cash receipts and cash payments during the budget period.
Personnel budget - The budget which is prepared under this area takes the form of a personnel budget, which indicates the requirement of personnel or labour force to conform to the production budget.
Miscellaneous
ü Overheads Cost Budget
ü Capital Expenditure Budget
Explain sales budget? What factors are taken into consideration while preparing it?
Sales budget is the budget of total sales expressed in terms of quantity or money. It is the between two factors i.e. sales quantity and selling price.
Following factors are taken into consideration while forecasting for sales quantity:
ü Analysis of Past Trend
ü Reports by Salesmen
ü Market Research and Market Survey
ü General Economic Conditions
Following factors are taken into account while forecasting for selling price:
ü Cost price of the product
ü Expected amount of profits
ü Selling price charged by the competitors
ü Advertisement and sales promotion techniques used by the company.
What is a production budget? Why is it prepared?
Production budget is a forecast of production for the budget period. It is prepared from two angles: In terms of quantity and in terms of money. Following budgets are prepared under the production budget:
ü Material Budget to estimate the material cost
ü Direct Labour Cost Budget to estimate the labour cost which are required to product the quantity as specified in the production budget.
ü Overhead Budget to estimate production overheads.
Production budget is prepared after taking various budgets into consideration. For a proper estimation of various costs associated with the production process makes it important to prepare production budget for the period in which production will take place.
What is a purchase budget? What things are considered before preparing it?
Purchase budget is a forecast of quantity and value of materials required to purchase during the budget period. This budget is closely connected to the production budget. Following points are required to be considered before preparing the purchase budget:
ü Opening and Closing balances of stocks
ü Materials purchased and reserved for specific purpose
ü Orders already placed
ü Quantity required by the production
ü Prices of materials.
ü Storing facilities and Economic order quantity.
ü Availability of funds
What is a cash budget? What are the different methods to prepare it?
Cash budget is the budget which is prepared under the finance budget. It is an estimation of the expected cash receipts and cash payments during the budget period. By preparing cash budget it becomes possible for the organisation to predict whether at any point of time there will be excess or shortage of cash. Two main points should be remembered before preparing cash budget: Time period of the cash budget and the items to be included in the cash budget.
Following methods are used to prepare cash budget:
ü Receipts and payments method: This method is useful for short term estimations. Under this method items should be categorized in two ways- Operating Cash Flows and Non-Operating Cash Flows
ü Balance Sheet method: This method is useful for long term estimations.
Adjusted Profits/Losses Method: This method is useful for long term estimations.
Compare fixed and flexible budgets.
A fixed budget is established for a specific level of activity whereas flexible budget is prepared for various levels of activity.
Fixed budget cannot be changed after the period commences, whereas a flexible budget can be changed after the period commence.
Fixed budget is more suitable for fixed expenses whereas flexible budget takes both fixed as well as variable expenses in account.
Fixed budget includes only fixed costs, whereas a flexible budget includes fixed costs, variable costs and semi variable costs.
Fixed budget is mainly used in planning stage whereas flexible budget is used in controlling stage.
Explain Budget Manual.
Budget Manual is a document which standardized methods and procedures required in relation to budgetary control. It also sets out the responsibility of persons engaged in the process. A budget manual should contain the following particulars:
Principles and objectives of the budgetary control:
ü Duties and responsibilities of the various executives
ü Organization chart
ü Duties of budget office and budget committee
ü Accounts codes and budget centre codes
What role does budgetary control play in cost control? What are the requirements for its successful implementation?
Budgetary Control is establishment of budgets and the continuous comparison of actual results with the planned results. It computes the variances and after that management takes necessary actions to maintain favorable variations, through revision of the budgets.
Following are the requirements for the successful implementation of Budgetary Control:
ü First a Budget Centre which is that section of the organization for which the budget will be prepared should be clearly defined.
ü Budget Period or the time period for which the budget will be prepared and operated should be decided carefully. It should neither be too long nor too short.
ü An efficient and proper system of accounting should be established so that the information required for the proper implementation for the budgetary control can be available on time.
ü A proper organizational chart should be prepared properly, clearly depicting the responsibilities and duties of each level of executive.
ü A budget manual, an important document in relation to the budgetary control. It should be well written, indexed and divided into sections. It should include principles and objectives of budgetary control, duties and responsibilities of each executive in the organization, accounts codes, budget diagrams, etc.
ü A budget key factor should be assessed before preparing other functional budgets to ensure that other functional budgets are capable of fulfillment.
What is management of cash?
Management of cash is a process of collecting, managing and investing cash. Cash is the most liquid form of current assets which ensures a company’s financial stability and solvency thus management of cash is the most important areas of overall working capital. It is the responsibility of the finance department to see that various functional areas of business have sufficient cash for their various operations. On the other hand it needs to be ensured that funds are not blocked in the form of ideal cash. Hence, successful cash management not only involves avoiding insolvency, but also speeding up the collection of receivables, delay in payment of liabilities, investment of ideal cash, keeping inventory levels low and create a cash budget in order to improve a company’s overall financial profitability.
What are the motives of a company behind holding the cash?
Transaction Motive: Requirement of cash to meet day to day needs is known as transaction motive. For example: On day to day basis the company is required to make regular payments like purchases, salaries/wages, taxes, interest, dividends etc. for which company will hold the cash. Similarly, company receives cash from its sale operations. However, sometimes receipts of the cash and the cash payments do not match with each other; in such situations the company should have enough cash to honor the commitments whenever they are due.
Precautionary Motive: Holding up of cash balance in order to take care of contingencies and unforeseen circumstances is known as precautionary motive. In addition to requirement of cash for regular transactions, the company may require the cash for such purposes which cannot be estimated or foreseen. For example: Sudden decline in the collection from the customers or sharp increase in the prices of raw materials may put the company in such a situation where they need additional funds to deal with such situation without affecting its regular business.
Speculative Motive: Holding up of some reserve in the form of cash to take the benefit of some specific nature of favorable market conditions is known speculative motive. For example: If the company presumes that in near future prices of raw material is going to be low, then it will preserve that cash for future purchase of raw material. In another case if interest rates are expected to increase then the company will purchase securities from the reserved cash.
What are the principles of cash management?