Description
break even analysis using graphical representation. It also covers topics like break even output, contribution. It presents break even analysis of hero honda.
Break Even Analysis
Profit analysis
Profit in Business
? According to Schumpeter, Profit – reward for
innovation ? Profit – Reward for undertaking risk ? Profit motive play a role in the efficient allocation of resources – In a bid to maximize profit, all firms try to use its resources efficiently when faced with tough competition from the rival firms.
Profit – Some Concepts
? Business profits/Accounting profits –
Total Revenue - Explicit Costs ? Economic Profit = Business Profits – Implicit Costs ? Implicit Costs include costs of entrepreneurial ability and capital goods owned by the company ? Imp. Costs measured by opportunity costs
Break-even Analysis
? Examines relation between Total Revenue, Total ? ? ? ? ?
Cost & Profit at different levels of output Break-even between profit and loss=> No profit no loss situation Profit is defined as the difference between Total Revenue and Total Cost Break Even situation => Equality between Total Revenue & Total Cost Break Even – A division between zone of profit and zone of loss Break Even output level is referred to that output level where No profit No loss situation exists
Relevance of the study
? A firm knowing its break even output can
target an output higher than it, to enjoy profit and avoid operating in the loss zone ? This helps to set a target of sales ? To get an idea of the Contribution of the firm to profit with each level of output, incremental revenue and incremental cost ? Fixing a profit margin and then targeting the required sales to achieve the desired profit level
Break-even Chart
? Graphically representing the relation between
profit, revenue and costs in the form of a break-even chart
? Linear Representation of total revenue, total
cost, total fixed cost and Total variable costs
Graphical Representation of Break Even
TR,TC,TFC TR
it Prof
TC
A B TFC
s Los
O
Qo
Q
Non-linear Break-even charts
? TR, TC curves are non-linear following
diminishing marginal returns to a factor and different price-elasticities.
? Existence of multiple break-even points ? Defined zones of profit unlike linear charts,
operating profit zones become closedbounded areas
Non-linear Graphical representation
TR,TC,TFC
s Los
TC
it Prof
B
TR
A B
s Los
TFC
O
Qo
Qo1
Q
Break-even output & Contribution of a firm
? At, break-even point, TR=TC, therefore,
break-even output, QB = TFC/(P-AVC) ? P-AVC, is the called the contribution margin per unit, as it represents the portion of the selling price that can be applied to cover the fixed cost of a firm and to provide for profits ? TR-TVC, thus signifies the total contribution of the firm to cover its fixed cost and provide for profits ? At break-even profits are zero, TFC covered
Profit Planning by a firm
? Once the contribution margin is known, it
becomes relatively easy for the firm to set an output target, depending on the profit margin they desire. ? Let the profit desired by the firm be denoted by ?, which has a 10% margin over the Average cost. ? Desired output level to achieve this profit ?, must have a total contribution of TFC+? ? Targeted output, QT=(TFC+?)/(P-AVC)
Changes in price, AVC, TFC
? The lower the break-even output, higher is
the operating profit zone & lower is the operating loss zone ? To achieve a lower break-even output, a firm can operate by ? Increasing the prices (TR curve shifts upwards) ? Decreasing fixed costs and variable costs (TFC & TVC curves shift downward)
Changes in Break-even Output
TR1 TR,TC,TFC TR
it Prof
TC TC1 TFC TFC1
A B
O
Qo1
Qo
Q
Some observations on the linear approach
? Constant cost & prices – This analysis holds
good under constant cost & prices or constant mix of products assumptions, otherwise break-even analysis difficult ? Single product or constant product mix – Over time product mix may change, firms found it difficult to allocate TFC among the products
Cost targets in break-even analysis
? American Firms targeting price – A new
model introduced is first designed, estimate the cost and setting a desired profit, price is determined ? Japanese Cost Management – Instead of designing first, surveys the market first, set a target price (acceptable to the consumers), subtracts the desired profit margin to set the targeted cost & then designs the new product
Example of “NANO” – A Challenge ahead
? Targeted Cost Approach ? Biggest challenge – To achieve Break-even which is
already achieved in other models of TATA Motors by cutting costs ? Acc. to Ratan Tata, initially a high output target was set to break-even which need a lot of high investment – Impossible target ? Instead cost cutting to achieve low-cost, low breakeven by technological changes – for e.g. Engine designed to be placed under rear seat *Source: Website of TATA Motors; interview with Ratan Tata
Reliance Retail almost achieved breakeven
? Almost achieved break-even after first year of
operation ? Loss less than one crore ? Expected to achieve break-even after several years of operations due to high capital expenditure in retail industry ? Reliance quite impressive as compared with other established companies, which enjoy very low profit margin of 1% or 2%
* Source: Mint dated 19th May, 2008
CASE STUDY on Lockheed’ Tri Star & Europe’s Airbus Industry
? 1971- Lockheed’s project L-1011 Tristar –
commercial jet aircraft ? Sought govt. guarantee for a bank loan to complete the project ? Proof of economically sound project framed on the basis of break-even sales, was forwarded by the company ? Break-even 200 aircrafts at a price of $15.5 million
Case Study discussion
? 103 aircrafts already on demand, and options
of another 75 aircrafts shown. ? Loan guarantee legislation was passed ? Inclusion of fixed costs like development costs of technology & construction facilities actually doubles the break-even output, therefore these were avoided by the firm ? Given the market demand and tough competition from McDonell-Douglas and Boeing, a high break-even output difficult to achieve, such costs were thus not included
? Outcome – Sales of 250 aircrafts between
1971 & 1984 & phasing out of the plan due to heavy losses ? Implication – In aircraft industry, the development cost ( fixed cost) is high, therefore break-even output is high ? European Companies took 20 years to reach break-even *Source: Managerial Economics by Salvatore, 6th ed.,
Oxford
Preparation of Break –even charts
? Choice of Approach: Analytical or Statistical ? Output Measurement : For multiple, non-
homogeneous products index method or value of sales method ? TR curve: two sets of data on revenue & output required ? Break-even point-Intersection of TR & TC ? Margin of Safety – difference between actual sales or output and break-even sales or output
Example
? A coastal ship can carry a maximum of
1,00,000 passengers per month at a fare of Rs. 850. Variable cost per passenger is Rs 100 while the fixed costs are Rs. 75,00,000 per month. Find the Break-even quantity and sales for the ship and break-even percentage capacity. ? Suppose the management of shipping company sets a profit target of Rs 75,00,000, what level of output to be produced and at what margin of safety?
Solution 1
? 1.
TFC QB = = 10,000 P ? AVC
? 2.
TFC TFC SB = = = Rs.85,00,000 1 ? ( AVC / P ) 1 ? (TVC / TR)
? 3. Average % of seating capacity filled to achieve
break-even
QB 10 ,000 %B = ×100 = ×100 = 10 % Qmax 1,00 ,000
Solution 2
? 1. Output to be targeted
TFC + ? 75,00,000 + 75,00,000 QD = = P ? AVC 550 ? 100 = 20,000
? % Capacity to be utilized
QD 20,000 %D = × 100 = × 100 = 20% Qmax 1,00,000
Margin of Safety
? If a firm operates at a higher output level much
higher than the break-even output, a firm is said to be operating safely in the profit zone. ? Margin of Safety can be expressed as
QA ? QB = ×100 QA
? Solution 2. If targeted output is actually
produced & sold in the market, then Margin of Safety = 50%
Break-Even Analysis of Hero Honda
? Problem – Continuous phenomenal growth &
a big jump in Jan, 2004, due to constant innovations. But constant innovations had led to higher costs. The time had arrived to look into the relationship between cost, output and profit more closely, to strengthen the relationship with external stakeholders. It has been the fixed cost that had shown an increase. The problem was to identify the impact of such changes in fixed cost on commodity prices, output & profit.
Steps involved in Calculations of Break-even point
? Determined the variables like fixed costs,
selling prices and variable costs ? Contribution Margin can be used in place of selling price and variable costs where both these variables are tough to separate ? Selling Price defined as Total Sales Turnover divided by total sales unit ? Fixed and Variable Cost identified from income data
Observations thro’ B.E. Analysis
? Both Sales Turnover & Break-even have
increased ? The gap between actual sales & break-even sales have increased substantially indicating high safety margin
Recommendations
? Further cut in cost of production – Adoption of
technologies like Chinese companies using plastics, aluminium; employee value addition ? Increase value to customer ? Cutting overhead costs ? 60% capacity utilization may be increased further by cutting costs, using resources efficiently and optimally by more value generation.
doc_844888489.ppt
break even analysis using graphical representation. It also covers topics like break even output, contribution. It presents break even analysis of hero honda.
Break Even Analysis
Profit analysis
Profit in Business
? According to Schumpeter, Profit – reward for
innovation ? Profit – Reward for undertaking risk ? Profit motive play a role in the efficient allocation of resources – In a bid to maximize profit, all firms try to use its resources efficiently when faced with tough competition from the rival firms.
Profit – Some Concepts
? Business profits/Accounting profits –
Total Revenue - Explicit Costs ? Economic Profit = Business Profits – Implicit Costs ? Implicit Costs include costs of entrepreneurial ability and capital goods owned by the company ? Imp. Costs measured by opportunity costs
Break-even Analysis
? Examines relation between Total Revenue, Total ? ? ? ? ?
Cost & Profit at different levels of output Break-even between profit and loss=> No profit no loss situation Profit is defined as the difference between Total Revenue and Total Cost Break Even situation => Equality between Total Revenue & Total Cost Break Even – A division between zone of profit and zone of loss Break Even output level is referred to that output level where No profit No loss situation exists
Relevance of the study
? A firm knowing its break even output can
target an output higher than it, to enjoy profit and avoid operating in the loss zone ? This helps to set a target of sales ? To get an idea of the Contribution of the firm to profit with each level of output, incremental revenue and incremental cost ? Fixing a profit margin and then targeting the required sales to achieve the desired profit level
Break-even Chart
? Graphically representing the relation between
profit, revenue and costs in the form of a break-even chart
? Linear Representation of total revenue, total
cost, total fixed cost and Total variable costs
Graphical Representation of Break Even
TR,TC,TFC TR
it Prof
TC
A B TFC
s Los
O
Qo
Q
Non-linear Break-even charts
? TR, TC curves are non-linear following
diminishing marginal returns to a factor and different price-elasticities.
? Existence of multiple break-even points ? Defined zones of profit unlike linear charts,
operating profit zones become closedbounded areas
Non-linear Graphical representation
TR,TC,TFC
s Los
TC
it Prof
B
TR
A B
s Los
TFC
O
Qo
Qo1
Q
Break-even output & Contribution of a firm
? At, break-even point, TR=TC, therefore,
break-even output, QB = TFC/(P-AVC) ? P-AVC, is the called the contribution margin per unit, as it represents the portion of the selling price that can be applied to cover the fixed cost of a firm and to provide for profits ? TR-TVC, thus signifies the total contribution of the firm to cover its fixed cost and provide for profits ? At break-even profits are zero, TFC covered
Profit Planning by a firm
? Once the contribution margin is known, it
becomes relatively easy for the firm to set an output target, depending on the profit margin they desire. ? Let the profit desired by the firm be denoted by ?, which has a 10% margin over the Average cost. ? Desired output level to achieve this profit ?, must have a total contribution of TFC+? ? Targeted output, QT=(TFC+?)/(P-AVC)
Changes in price, AVC, TFC
? The lower the break-even output, higher is
the operating profit zone & lower is the operating loss zone ? To achieve a lower break-even output, a firm can operate by ? Increasing the prices (TR curve shifts upwards) ? Decreasing fixed costs and variable costs (TFC & TVC curves shift downward)
Changes in Break-even Output
TR1 TR,TC,TFC TR
it Prof
TC TC1 TFC TFC1
A B
O
Qo1
Qo
Q
Some observations on the linear approach
? Constant cost & prices – This analysis holds
good under constant cost & prices or constant mix of products assumptions, otherwise break-even analysis difficult ? Single product or constant product mix – Over time product mix may change, firms found it difficult to allocate TFC among the products
Cost targets in break-even analysis
? American Firms targeting price – A new
model introduced is first designed, estimate the cost and setting a desired profit, price is determined ? Japanese Cost Management – Instead of designing first, surveys the market first, set a target price (acceptable to the consumers), subtracts the desired profit margin to set the targeted cost & then designs the new product
Example of “NANO” – A Challenge ahead
? Targeted Cost Approach ? Biggest challenge – To achieve Break-even which is
already achieved in other models of TATA Motors by cutting costs ? Acc. to Ratan Tata, initially a high output target was set to break-even which need a lot of high investment – Impossible target ? Instead cost cutting to achieve low-cost, low breakeven by technological changes – for e.g. Engine designed to be placed under rear seat *Source: Website of TATA Motors; interview with Ratan Tata
Reliance Retail almost achieved breakeven
? Almost achieved break-even after first year of
operation ? Loss less than one crore ? Expected to achieve break-even after several years of operations due to high capital expenditure in retail industry ? Reliance quite impressive as compared with other established companies, which enjoy very low profit margin of 1% or 2%
* Source: Mint dated 19th May, 2008
CASE STUDY on Lockheed’ Tri Star & Europe’s Airbus Industry
? 1971- Lockheed’s project L-1011 Tristar –
commercial jet aircraft ? Sought govt. guarantee for a bank loan to complete the project ? Proof of economically sound project framed on the basis of break-even sales, was forwarded by the company ? Break-even 200 aircrafts at a price of $15.5 million
Case Study discussion
? 103 aircrafts already on demand, and options
of another 75 aircrafts shown. ? Loan guarantee legislation was passed ? Inclusion of fixed costs like development costs of technology & construction facilities actually doubles the break-even output, therefore these were avoided by the firm ? Given the market demand and tough competition from McDonell-Douglas and Boeing, a high break-even output difficult to achieve, such costs were thus not included
? Outcome – Sales of 250 aircrafts between
1971 & 1984 & phasing out of the plan due to heavy losses ? Implication – In aircraft industry, the development cost ( fixed cost) is high, therefore break-even output is high ? European Companies took 20 years to reach break-even *Source: Managerial Economics by Salvatore, 6th ed.,
Oxford
Preparation of Break –even charts
? Choice of Approach: Analytical or Statistical ? Output Measurement : For multiple, non-
homogeneous products index method or value of sales method ? TR curve: two sets of data on revenue & output required ? Break-even point-Intersection of TR & TC ? Margin of Safety – difference between actual sales or output and break-even sales or output
Example
? A coastal ship can carry a maximum of
1,00,000 passengers per month at a fare of Rs. 850. Variable cost per passenger is Rs 100 while the fixed costs are Rs. 75,00,000 per month. Find the Break-even quantity and sales for the ship and break-even percentage capacity. ? Suppose the management of shipping company sets a profit target of Rs 75,00,000, what level of output to be produced and at what margin of safety?
Solution 1
? 1.
TFC QB = = 10,000 P ? AVC
? 2.
TFC TFC SB = = = Rs.85,00,000 1 ? ( AVC / P ) 1 ? (TVC / TR)
? 3. Average % of seating capacity filled to achieve
break-even
QB 10 ,000 %B = ×100 = ×100 = 10 % Qmax 1,00 ,000
Solution 2
? 1. Output to be targeted
TFC + ? 75,00,000 + 75,00,000 QD = = P ? AVC 550 ? 100 = 20,000
? % Capacity to be utilized
QD 20,000 %D = × 100 = × 100 = 20% Qmax 1,00,000
Margin of Safety
? If a firm operates at a higher output level much
higher than the break-even output, a firm is said to be operating safely in the profit zone. ? Margin of Safety can be expressed as
QA ? QB = ×100 QA
? Solution 2. If targeted output is actually
produced & sold in the market, then Margin of Safety = 50%
Break-Even Analysis of Hero Honda
? Problem – Continuous phenomenal growth &
a big jump in Jan, 2004, due to constant innovations. But constant innovations had led to higher costs. The time had arrived to look into the relationship between cost, output and profit more closely, to strengthen the relationship with external stakeholders. It has been the fixed cost that had shown an increase. The problem was to identify the impact of such changes in fixed cost on commodity prices, output & profit.
Steps involved in Calculations of Break-even point
? Determined the variables like fixed costs,
selling prices and variable costs ? Contribution Margin can be used in place of selling price and variable costs where both these variables are tough to separate ? Selling Price defined as Total Sales Turnover divided by total sales unit ? Fixed and Variable Cost identified from income data
Observations thro’ B.E. Analysis
? Both Sales Turnover & Break-even have
increased ? The gap between actual sales & break-even sales have increased substantially indicating high safety margin
Recommendations
? Further cut in cost of production – Adoption of
technologies like Chinese companies using plastics, aluminium; employee value addition ? Increase value to customer ? Cutting overhead costs ? 60% capacity utilization may be increased further by cutting costs, using resources efficiently and optimally by more value generation.
doc_844888489.ppt