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AUTOMATIC PENALTY CHARGING FOR
VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC RULES
ABSTRACT
The project, „Automatic Penalty Charging for Traffic Regulation?, is an
attempt to design a system which will automatically incur penalty to the car
driver and owner for violation of traffic rules. During the past few years, traffic
accidents & congestion has increased enormously. Even in our daily life, we
come across many problems caused due to traffic rule violation by some people.
Also when we go through the daily newspaper, we realize that road accidents is
one of the major problems now a days in every city. These problems cause
disturbance to the whole system and also consumes our precious time. So in an
attempt to reduce it & improve the traffic discipline, advanced technological
solutions has been proposed. In this project, we are designing a system which
will automatically incur penalty to the car driver for violation of traffic rules. The
penalty will be automatically charged to the car owner if PUC has been expired
or if car is standing on zebra crossing when the signal is red, for illegal signal
crossing, crossing the speed limit in speed limit zone or parking the car in no
parking zone. Also the car will not start if the driver does not have license or if he
is drunk. This will help to bring discipline on roads. The design aims to reduce
bribery, corruption, pollution, congestion in a city.
INTRODUCTION
In the past few years, traffic accidents & congestions have increased
enormously. Though the vehicle volume has increased exponentially, the road
infrastructure has not been improved proportionately. This in turn leads to
increased traffic congestion and road accidents. Different technologies are there
to detect traffic congestion and to make congestion management more efficient,
but these technologies have several drawbacks, such as installation problems,
complexity, cost, etc.
In an attempt to reduce the problems related to traffic & improve the
traffic discipline, advanced technological solutions have been proposed in this
project. Through this project we are aiming to provide a system, which will
continuously monitor the vehicles using RFID reader and RFID transceivers and
automatically incur penalty for violation of any of the traffic rules. If a driver
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violates any of the traffic rules, the driver will be charged according to the RTO
rules. The charging amount will be automatically stored in a smart card which
will be fixed in the vehicle. If a driver fails to pay the charges in a given period of
time, his/her license will be suspended and the car won?t start. Thus in this
project, we are to some extent compelling people to follow the traffic rules. This
will definitely reduce the problems to some extent.
OBJECTIVE
The “Automatic penalty charging for violation of traffic rules” consists of
additional information which will help the traffic governing bodies to avoid
pollution and corruption with proper traffic regulations. With the information
provided with the driving license, some additional information about the car has
been clubbed which the owner drives. The parameters like:
1. The primary information including all that provided with the license i.e. name,
address, vehicle type, validity is basically essential and collected.
2. The P.U.C (Pollution Under Control) certificate and its validity is taken into
account for pollution control. The proper renewal must be done for using the car.
If the P.U.C gets expired the owner will be unable to use the vehicle and has to
renew the P.U.C. for the use of vehicle.
3. The basic safety parameters are taken into account for the driving authority due
to increasing accidents which are fatal. So the insurance of the driver is to be
checked and maintained for safety precautions.
4. The Traffic Rules violation is to be checked at the traffic signal with the help
of the RFID tags and information is to be collected with the Traffic Governing
Bodies.
5. The proper maintenance of P.U.C and the insurance is to be maintained at the
R.T.O and the traffic governing bodies. So for smooth functioning the driving
authorities have to maintain all the parameters mentioned above and the driver
has to follow all the rules and regulations prescribed by the Traffic Governing
Bodies.
The ministry of heavy industries is considering a proposal to make it
mandatory to fit RFID-enabled devices in the cars manufactured in India. It is
believed that RFID tags would help in traffic management as traffic violations by
motorists could be tracked and all violations identified. Also, motorists would get
charged automatically as soon as they enter a toll area. Taking into consideration
this strategy, we are introducing our project. The ministry of urban development
has already discussed a similar agenda with many states. The ministry has
proposed a core area charge for different cities to reduce traffic congestion in the
city?s nerve centre. So, people could end up paying a special levy to drive into
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Connaught Circus, the heart of the Capital. In Singapore, public transport buses
and trains employ RFID cards known as EZ-Link cards. Traffic into crowded
downtown areas is regulated by variable tolls imposed using an active tagging
system combined with the use of stored-value cards (known as cash cards). RFID
is also used in Malaysia Expressways payment system, known as Touch n Go.
Due to the name and design, the card needs to be touched for usage. With an eye
to improving traffic management and information access, the Orlando/Orange
County Expressway Authority (OOCEA) is deploying an RFID-based traffic-
monitoring system in central Florida. Automatic Billing of Penalty Charges is
also there but it is only for selected Traffic Rule Violations such as speed limit
violation and entry into congested area in spite of re-routing messaging. But in
our project we are trying to incur penalty for almost all the traffic rule violations.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The Maharashtra State Motor Driving License has introduced License
with smart card to replace the traditional paper driving license. These driving
licenses include various parameters stored in it:
1. Vehicle Type
2. Date of issue (D.O.I) and Date of Expiry
3. Name, signature, Address and Date of birth of the owner
4. Signature and ID of the issuing Authority.
The Driving license provides all the essential details about the driver. On the
basis of this theme, we have extended the level of information and brought up an
idea of “Automatic penalty charging for violation of traffic rules.”
LITERATURE REVIEW
Some of the available technologies are Inductive loop detection, Video data
analysis, Passive infrared sensors, Wireless sensor network and Radio frequency
Identification.
INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTION: It can be placed in a roadbed to detect
vehicles by measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply
count the number of vehicles during a unit of time. Loops can be placed in a
single lane or across multiple lanes.
DRAWBACKS:
1.The error rate is quite high.
2. Maintenance is very tedious.
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3. Traffic cannot be managed locally.
VIDEO DATA ANALYSIS: Video feeds from the cameras. The built-in
software harvests information from that video. Information (Vehicle volume,
average velocity etc.) then fed into the fuzzy system. That outputs the level of
traffic Congestion.
DRAWBACKS:
1.The overall system is quite expensive.
2.The fuzzy algorithm is not very accurate.
PASSIVE INFRARED SENSORS: Passive sensors detect energy emitted from
vehicles, road surfaces and other objects in their field of view and by the
atmosphere. The captured energy is focused by an optical system onto an infrared
sensitive material which converts the reflected energy into electrical signals.
Real-time signal processor analyze the signals to detect presence of a vehicle.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK: Magnetic sensors are deployed by the road
intersection to detect vehicles. The sensors send the collected data to the
Intersection Control Agent (ICA). ICA process the data and dynamically
controlled the traffic light. A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a
traffic signal in that particular direction to remain open for larger duration thus
adaptively controlling the signal.
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID): Radio-frequency
identification (RFID) is a technology that use for the purpose of identification
and tracking using radio waves. Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is
an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and
demodulating a radio frequency (RF) signal and other specialized functions. The
second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are two
types of RFID devices: Active RFID device contain a battery and can transmit
signals autonomously and Passive RFID devices have no battery and require an
external source to provoke signal transmission.
SCOPE OF ACTIVE RFID BASED SYSTEM
Using Active RFID and Wireless Networking Technology for Automatic
Vehicle Identification with the following objectives:
1. Automatic Congestion Detection in Real-Time.
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2.Automatic Detection of Vehicles approaching towards congested area and
automatic messaging for redirecting the (selected) Vehicles for Congestion
Avoidance: Priority-based Congestion Management.
3. A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a traffic signal in that
particular direction to remain open for larger duration thus adaptively controlling
the signal.
4. Automatic Billing of Core Area Charges / Toll Charges by identifying vehicles
within Core Area / Toll Area.
5. Automatic Billing of Penalty Charges for selected Traffic Rule Violation
(speed limit violation, entry into congested area in spite of re-routing messaging).
METHODOLOGY
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that
does a specific focused job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player,
DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded
systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to
meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded
software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement.
The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop
computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of
applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software
development and soon.
In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to
do different things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly
the memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the
CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some
embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing
a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded
systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a
battery, the power consumption has to be very low. Some embedded systems
have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.
Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:
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1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance
constraints which must be met.
2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.
3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices
which serve a general purpose.
4. The program instructions for embedded systems run with limited
computer hardware resources, little memory and small or even non-
existent keyboard or screen.
Microcontroller (AT89S52)
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
The operating voltage range is 4.0V to 5.5V. In addition, the AT89S52 is
designed with static logic. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
Pin diagram
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FIG 4.1 Pin diagram of AT89S52
Pin Description
PORT 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. When 1s are written to
port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. It can also be
configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to
external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-
ups.External pull-ups are required during program verification.
PORT 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Table 4.1 Alternative pin functions of port 1
Port Pin Alternative Functions
P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2)
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)
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PORT P2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 uses strong internal
pull-ups when emitting 1s. It also receives the high-order address bits and some
control signals during Flash programming.
PORT P3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as
shown in the following table.
Table 4.2 Alternative pin functions of port 3
Port Pin Alternative Functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG:
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Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for
external timing or clocking purposes.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory,
PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations
are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable.EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. However that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions.
How the System Works
If the car is on zebra crossing, PUC has expired or if there is illegal signal
crossing, Penalty will be charged to the convict with assign limit of 4 times. If the
limit is crossed car ignition will be blocked by control unit. In this condition car
owner has to pay the penalty through R.T.O office, to make smartcard reusable.
There are 3 units in this project:
1. One will be a standalone system which will be attached to the ignition
mechanism of the car.
2. Second will be a standalone system which will be attached to the traffic
signal points.
3. Third will be a standalone system which will be attached to the RTO
office centre.
CAR UNIT
For car ignition the driver has to place his SMART CARD near to the
reader. If license is suspended, the car will not start, if the car has crossed its
penalty limit, then the car won?t start. To perform these operations, 89S51
controller will be used in the car. RF module is for continuous transmission of car
details like PUC, registration number, drivers license number is attached to the
89S51 controller. The RFID transmitter is placed below bumper for detection of
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zebra crossing. There will be relays, buzzer and LCD interfaced with the 89S51
processor.
1. Relays are used to give indication for cars ignition system.
2. Buzzer will be ON when penalty is charged to the car.
3. LCD will display the penalty charged to the car.
There will be RTC time circuit also which will give all the details of the date and
time of PUC which will thereby give the details of PUC expiry.
SIGNAL UNIT
The RFID reader will be situated at zebra crossing and Trans receiver will
be situated at the signal pole. RFID reader will detect the car when it stands on
the zebra crossing. The RF module will take all detail information of the car and
charges penalty according to the rules.
RTO UNIT
The main control unit is placed at RTO. This will assign the owner his
penalty on detecting the smart card and recover the blocked smart card using the
special code word. As well as it reads and can renew the PUC information.
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
MODULE I: CAR UNIT
Fig 5.1 (a) Module 1 block diagram of the project
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MODULE 2: SIGNAL POLE UNIT AND NO PARKING UNIT
Fig 5.1(b) Module 2 block diagram of the project
MODULE 3: (SPEED LIMIT UNIT)
Fig 5.1(c) Module 3 block diagram of the project
MODULE 4: RTO UNIT
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MAX 232
Fig 5.2 Pin diagram of Max 232
It is 16-pin IC known as voltage converter or line converter. MAX232 is
an electronic circuit that converts signals from an RS232 serial port to signals
suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual
driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The
MAX232 acts as a buffer driver for the processor. It accepts the standard digital
logic values of 0 and 5 volts and converts them to the RS232 standard of +10 and
-10 volts. The MAX232 requires 5 external 1uF capacitors. These are used by the
internal charge pump to create +10 volts and -10 volts. The drivers provide RS-
232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-
chip charge pump and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing
RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to
+ 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated
just for driving the RS-232. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to
convert, it changes TTL logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL logic
1 to between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This
can be confusing when we realize that the RS232 data transmission voltages at a
certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 control line voltages at the same
logic state. In MAX232 there are four capacitors in which the first capacitor, the
negative leg goes to ground and the positive leg goes to pin 16. For the second
capacitor, the negative leg goes to 5 volts and the positive leg goes to pin 2. For
the third capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 3 and the positive leg goes to pin
1. For the fourth capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 5 and the positive leg
goes to pin 4. In our project, it converts the RS232 levels of the fingerprint
scanner to TTL voltage levels of 8052. Using DB-9 (Data Bit) pin connecter, we
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can connect the MAX232 to the fingerprint scanner. We can connect two devices
at a time to the MAX232.
Liquid crystal display(LCD):
Fig 5.3 Pin diagram of LCD
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs
(seven-segment LEDs or other multi-segment LEDs). This is due to the following
reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast
to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the
CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be
refreshed by the CPU (or in some other way) to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
LCD pin descriptions
The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each
pin is given in the table below.
V
CC
, VSS, and V
EE
While V
CC
and
VSS
provide
+
5V and ground, respectively, V
EE is
used for
controlling LCD contrast.
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RS, Register Select
There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used
for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is
selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at
home, etc. If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to
be displayed on the LCD.
R/W, Read/Write
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read
information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.
E, Enable
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its
data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied
to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This
pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.
D0-D7
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or
read the contents of the LCD?s internal registers.
To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z,
a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.
There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to
clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor.
Table lists the instruction command codes.
We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to
receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and
RS=0, as follows: if R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy
taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new information.
Power supply
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply.
The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer
to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a
pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage
from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage.
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Fig 5.4 Circuit of Power supply
Transformer
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic
equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be
obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to
be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer.
Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.
Rectifier
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this
project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification.
Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the
output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore
a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
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voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order
to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent
the required output voltage levels.
Working procedure
VEHICLE UNIT
RFID TAG: The tag is used for identifying the vehicle which has violated the
traffic rule. Passive RFID tag is used for this identification. The tag will be
mounted on the vehicle. Memory Unit: The smart card stores the car information
like P.U.C expiry date, Insurance, Expiry Date and the fine incurred. EEPROM
chip 24C04 is used as memory SMART CARD. It contains 500 bytes memory.
RTC: DS 1307 is used as a real time clock to keep track of expiry dates.
Microcontroller: AVR ATmega16 microcontroller is used to control and co-
ordinate all the module activities. It is responsible for all the in/out bound
activities of the car module.
LCD: LCD is used to display the messages to the driver when he violates a
traffic rule. The penalty incurred is displayed on the LCD and the reason for
license suspension is also displayed.
Relay: The car unit is linked with the car ignition system. The relay is open
circuit if the card is suspended and closed if the card is not suspended.
Buzzer: It is used to indicate that the license is suspended.
RF transceiver: CC2500 module used to connect and exchange information with
the signal pole unit wirelessly. It is connected to car module through MAX232.
For car ignition the driver has to insert his smart card in the car unit smart card
slot. If any document (e.g. PUC, license) is expired or smart card is not inserted,
then car won?t start and the reason will be displayed on the LCD screen. Thus ,
carrying the smart card with you is mandatory. After checking all the details of
the driver, the system will go for alcohol detection. The user has to blow air near
the alcohol sensor present in car unit. If the content of alcohol in human breath is
found to be more than the set threshold then the ignition of the car will not be
triggered. This prevents drunk driving and accidents caused due to it. In the car
unit we are using 89s51 Microcontroller which will control all the operations.
Smart card is used for storing car details like driver?s license number, PUC,
expiry dates of both as well as the number of penalties that has been charged to
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that driver. We have used EEPROM as a smart card to store all these details. The
89s51 Microcontroller will check these car details, if all the data is as required
then only the car ignition is allowed. RF module is attached to the AVR
Microcontroller. RF module will continuously transmit car details stored in smart
card and also the RPM which will indicate the speed of the car. This RF module
communicates with 89s51 through serial communication; for that MAX 232 IC
and RS 232 cable has been used. Relay has been used to control the ignition of
the car. Real time clock (RTC) is used to provide precise date and time for the
expiry of PUC and license. For the convenience of the user LCD is used to
display all the information about the penalties and other required details. The
buzzer will ring after each penalty is charged to indicate the driver.
SIGNAL POLE UNIT
It is used for displaying the normal operation of a traffic signal. It consists of
LEDs controlled by AVR.
Microcontroller: 89S51 microcontroller is used to control and co-ordinate all the
module activities. It is responsible for all the in/out bound activities of the car
module.
RFID reader: It is used to read the tags of the vehicles which violate traffic
rules. This unit then transmits the information to the microcontroller.
RF transceiver: CC2500 module used to connect and exchange information with
the signal pole unit wirelessly. It is connected to car module through MAX232.
At the traffic signals there will be RFID reader attached to the 89S51
Microcontroller at the signal pole. RFID reader will detect the RFID TAG of the
car which has crossed the road when the signal is red. The RFID TAG is attached
at the bottom of each car, with each TAG having its own different identity.
Warning will be issued to the driver by sending message to the car unit and
penalty will be charged to that particular driver?s smart card only.
SPEED LIMIT AND NO PARKING UNIT
At the speed limit zone and no parking zone also there are RF transceivers.
The speed limit is saved in 89S51 microcontroller at the speed limit zone which
will be continuously transmitted by the RF module attached to the
microcontroller. If the speed of the car is more, then penalty will get charged.
Again in the no parking zone also there is one RF module, if it receives the RF
waves 10 times then it is considered that the car is parked and penalty will be
charged to that car.
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MICROCONTROLLER: 89S51 microcontroller is used to control and co-
ordinate all the module activities. It is responsible for all the in/out bound
activities of the car module.
SMART CARD READER: This block reads the information from the smart
card inserted which is a suspended smart card. This unit is connected to 89S51.
PC: PC is used to store the database. GUI is provided through VB. The smart
card record is cleared if the owner pays his dues.
After each penalty is charged the microcontroller increases the penalty count and
stores it in smart card. There will be a penalty limit (it is 4 in this case) which if
crossed, the car won?t start. To pay the penalty and to clear his smart card, car
owner must go to the authorized RTO centre with his smart card. Our RTO unit is
interfaced serially with the computer. At the RTO centre, there is also one
smart card slot where you need to insert your smart card. Microcontroller will
then scan the smart card and accordingly the penalty count will be displayed on
the LCD screen. The RTO officer will then nullify the penalty by issuing a
command through keyboard.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
We have designed the circuit of “Automatic Penalty Charging For
Violation Of Traffic Rules” as described and the circuit is assembled on PCB.
After assembling the circuit on the PCB, it is checked for its proper connections
before switching on to the power supply.
This project can thus:
1. Drastically reduce bribery, pollution, traffic bottle necking.
2. Reduce paperwork involved.
3. Develop a tamper proof traffic regulation system.
4. The project can be further extended by incorporating toll-collection, Petro-
card, emergency medical treatment systems into it.
5. Also the drivers medical records can be saved in the database and suitable
treatment can be given in case of emergencies.
This will completely revolutionize the travelling experience.
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CONCLUSION
The implementation of Automatic Penalty Charging For Violation
Of Traffic Rules using microcontroller is done successfully. Design is done to
meet all the specifications and requirements. The total circuit is completely
verified functionally and is following the application software.
Implementation of a system which will automatically incur penalty for violation
of traffic rules which in turn will lead to a disciplined traffic in our country.
These efforts will help in minimizing many problems related to traffic which
brings disturbance to the whole system and will help in reducing number of
accidents; traffic jam which consumes our precious time, and will also reduce
pollution to some extent.
This project can also be expanded in future such that our system
monitors the traffic only at the signal poles but it could also be useful in
monitoring the no entry area, one way routes etc. Also in this system a driver
needs to go to the RTO centre for paying the penalty amount he/she has been
charged. Instead of this we can provide other modes of payment like an online
payment mode, mobile payment, pay by mail to the users which is time saving
and quick.
8.1 CURRENT FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF THIS PROJECT
1. Compact and portable units: The proposed units in the project are portable and
can be easily installed and maintained.
2. Reliable Vehicle Identification: The RFID module used is capable of
identifying a particular vehicle regardless of the traffic. Even if multiple vehicles
crossover at same time, there is no ambiguity in vehicle identification.
3. Elimination of Paper work: The project proposes a computer database to be
prepared which will reduce paperwork.
4. Tamper proof system: 89s51 will be programmed using software lock which
will make the system software secured and the system tamper proof.
5. Easy Fine Payment: Fine collecting centres will be conveniently located and
the drivers have to carry only a smart card.
8.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
1. Database: The medicinal and traffic records of the drivers can be maintained
precisely in the database.
2. Traffic manipulation: The traffic analysis for a region can be carried out by
manipulating the traffic flow.
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3. Emergency: The emergency situations can be tackled .This project also tends
to reduce man power, consumes less time for voting and counting and reduces
transportation cost due to its compact size. This can bring a revolutionary change
in the Election procedure. It can be concluded that the design implemented in the
present work provide portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done
with low power consumption.
doc_143172909.docx
AUTOMATIC PENALTY CHARGING FOR
VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC RULES
ABSTRACT
The project, „Automatic Penalty Charging for Traffic Regulation?, is an
attempt to design a system which will automatically incur penalty to the car
driver and owner for violation of traffic rules. During the past few years, traffic
accidents & congestion has increased enormously. Even in our daily life, we
come across many problems caused due to traffic rule violation by some people.
Also when we go through the daily newspaper, we realize that road accidents is
one of the major problems now a days in every city. These problems cause
disturbance to the whole system and also consumes our precious time. So in an
attempt to reduce it & improve the traffic discipline, advanced technological
solutions has been proposed. In this project, we are designing a system which
will automatically incur penalty to the car driver for violation of traffic rules. The
penalty will be automatically charged to the car owner if PUC has been expired
or if car is standing on zebra crossing when the signal is red, for illegal signal
crossing, crossing the speed limit in speed limit zone or parking the car in no
parking zone. Also the car will not start if the driver does not have license or if he
is drunk. This will help to bring discipline on roads. The design aims to reduce
bribery, corruption, pollution, congestion in a city.
INTRODUCTION
In the past few years, traffic accidents & congestions have increased
enormously. Though the vehicle volume has increased exponentially, the road
infrastructure has not been improved proportionately. This in turn leads to
increased traffic congestion and road accidents. Different technologies are there
to detect traffic congestion and to make congestion management more efficient,
but these technologies have several drawbacks, such as installation problems,
complexity, cost, etc.
In an attempt to reduce the problems related to traffic & improve the
traffic discipline, advanced technological solutions have been proposed in this
project. Through this project we are aiming to provide a system, which will
continuously monitor the vehicles using RFID reader and RFID transceivers and
automatically incur penalty for violation of any of the traffic rules. If a driver
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violates any of the traffic rules, the driver will be charged according to the RTO
rules. The charging amount will be automatically stored in a smart card which
will be fixed in the vehicle. If a driver fails to pay the charges in a given period of
time, his/her license will be suspended and the car won?t start. Thus in this
project, we are to some extent compelling people to follow the traffic rules. This
will definitely reduce the problems to some extent.
OBJECTIVE
The “Automatic penalty charging for violation of traffic rules” consists of
additional information which will help the traffic governing bodies to avoid
pollution and corruption with proper traffic regulations. With the information
provided with the driving license, some additional information about the car has
been clubbed which the owner drives. The parameters like:
1. The primary information including all that provided with the license i.e. name,
address, vehicle type, validity is basically essential and collected.
2. The P.U.C (Pollution Under Control) certificate and its validity is taken into
account for pollution control. The proper renewal must be done for using the car.
If the P.U.C gets expired the owner will be unable to use the vehicle and has to
renew the P.U.C. for the use of vehicle.
3. The basic safety parameters are taken into account for the driving authority due
to increasing accidents which are fatal. So the insurance of the driver is to be
checked and maintained for safety precautions.
4. The Traffic Rules violation is to be checked at the traffic signal with the help
of the RFID tags and information is to be collected with the Traffic Governing
Bodies.
5. The proper maintenance of P.U.C and the insurance is to be maintained at the
R.T.O and the traffic governing bodies. So for smooth functioning the driving
authorities have to maintain all the parameters mentioned above and the driver
has to follow all the rules and regulations prescribed by the Traffic Governing
Bodies.
The ministry of heavy industries is considering a proposal to make it
mandatory to fit RFID-enabled devices in the cars manufactured in India. It is
believed that RFID tags would help in traffic management as traffic violations by
motorists could be tracked and all violations identified. Also, motorists would get
charged automatically as soon as they enter a toll area. Taking into consideration
this strategy, we are introducing our project. The ministry of urban development
has already discussed a similar agenda with many states. The ministry has
proposed a core area charge for different cities to reduce traffic congestion in the
city?s nerve centre. So, people could end up paying a special levy to drive into
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Connaught Circus, the heart of the Capital. In Singapore, public transport buses
and trains employ RFID cards known as EZ-Link cards. Traffic into crowded
downtown areas is regulated by variable tolls imposed using an active tagging
system combined with the use of stored-value cards (known as cash cards). RFID
is also used in Malaysia Expressways payment system, known as Touch n Go.
Due to the name and design, the card needs to be touched for usage. With an eye
to improving traffic management and information access, the Orlando/Orange
County Expressway Authority (OOCEA) is deploying an RFID-based traffic-
monitoring system in central Florida. Automatic Billing of Penalty Charges is
also there but it is only for selected Traffic Rule Violations such as speed limit
violation and entry into congested area in spite of re-routing messaging. But in
our project we are trying to incur penalty for almost all the traffic rule violations.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The Maharashtra State Motor Driving License has introduced License
with smart card to replace the traditional paper driving license. These driving
licenses include various parameters stored in it:
1. Vehicle Type
2. Date of issue (D.O.I) and Date of Expiry
3. Name, signature, Address and Date of birth of the owner
4. Signature and ID of the issuing Authority.
The Driving license provides all the essential details about the driver. On the
basis of this theme, we have extended the level of information and brought up an
idea of “Automatic penalty charging for violation of traffic rules.”
LITERATURE REVIEW
Some of the available technologies are Inductive loop detection, Video data
analysis, Passive infrared sensors, Wireless sensor network and Radio frequency
Identification.
INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTION: It can be placed in a roadbed to detect
vehicles by measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply
count the number of vehicles during a unit of time. Loops can be placed in a
single lane or across multiple lanes.
DRAWBACKS:
1.The error rate is quite high.
2. Maintenance is very tedious.
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3. Traffic cannot be managed locally.
VIDEO DATA ANALYSIS: Video feeds from the cameras. The built-in
software harvests information from that video. Information (Vehicle volume,
average velocity etc.) then fed into the fuzzy system. That outputs the level of
traffic Congestion.
DRAWBACKS:
1.The overall system is quite expensive.
2.The fuzzy algorithm is not very accurate.
PASSIVE INFRARED SENSORS: Passive sensors detect energy emitted from
vehicles, road surfaces and other objects in their field of view and by the
atmosphere. The captured energy is focused by an optical system onto an infrared
sensitive material which converts the reflected energy into electrical signals.
Real-time signal processor analyze the signals to detect presence of a vehicle.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK: Magnetic sensors are deployed by the road
intersection to detect vehicles. The sensors send the collected data to the
Intersection Control Agent (ICA). ICA process the data and dynamically
controlled the traffic light. A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a
traffic signal in that particular direction to remain open for larger duration thus
adaptively controlling the signal.
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID): Radio-frequency
identification (RFID) is a technology that use for the purpose of identification
and tracking using radio waves. Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is
an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and
demodulating a radio frequency (RF) signal and other specialized functions. The
second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are two
types of RFID devices: Active RFID device contain a battery and can transmit
signals autonomously and Passive RFID devices have no battery and require an
external source to provoke signal transmission.
SCOPE OF ACTIVE RFID BASED SYSTEM
Using Active RFID and Wireless Networking Technology for Automatic
Vehicle Identification with the following objectives:
1. Automatic Congestion Detection in Real-Time.
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2.Automatic Detection of Vehicles approaching towards congested area and
automatic messaging for redirecting the (selected) Vehicles for Congestion
Avoidance: Priority-based Congestion Management.
3. A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a traffic signal in that
particular direction to remain open for larger duration thus adaptively controlling
the signal.
4. Automatic Billing of Core Area Charges / Toll Charges by identifying vehicles
within Core Area / Toll Area.
5. Automatic Billing of Penalty Charges for selected Traffic Rule Violation
(speed limit violation, entry into congested area in spite of re-routing messaging).
METHODOLOGY
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that
does a specific focused job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player,
DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded
systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to
meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded
software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement.
The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop
computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of
applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software
development and soon.
In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to
do different things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly
the memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the
CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some
embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing
a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded
systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a
battery, the power consumption has to be very low. Some embedded systems
have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.
Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:
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1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance
constraints which must be met.
2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.
3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices
which serve a general purpose.
4. The program instructions for embedded systems run with limited
computer hardware resources, little memory and small or even non-
existent keyboard or screen.
Microcontroller (AT89S52)
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
The operating voltage range is 4.0V to 5.5V. In addition, the AT89S52 is
designed with static logic. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
Pin diagram
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FIG 4.1 Pin diagram of AT89S52
Pin Description
PORT 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. When 1s are written to
port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. It can also be
configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to
external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-
ups.External pull-ups are required during program verification.
PORT 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Table 4.1 Alternative pin functions of port 1
Port Pin Alternative Functions
P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2)
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)
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PORT P2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 uses strong internal
pull-ups when emitting 1s. It also receives the high-order address bits and some
control signals during Flash programming.
PORT P3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as
shown in the following table.
Table 4.2 Alternative pin functions of port 3
Port Pin Alternative Functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG:
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Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for
external timing or clocking purposes.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory,
PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations
are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable.EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. However that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions.
How the System Works
If the car is on zebra crossing, PUC has expired or if there is illegal signal
crossing, Penalty will be charged to the convict with assign limit of 4 times. If the
limit is crossed car ignition will be blocked by control unit. In this condition car
owner has to pay the penalty through R.T.O office, to make smartcard reusable.
There are 3 units in this project:
1. One will be a standalone system which will be attached to the ignition
mechanism of the car.
2. Second will be a standalone system which will be attached to the traffic
signal points.
3. Third will be a standalone system which will be attached to the RTO
office centre.
CAR UNIT
For car ignition the driver has to place his SMART CARD near to the
reader. If license is suspended, the car will not start, if the car has crossed its
penalty limit, then the car won?t start. To perform these operations, 89S51
controller will be used in the car. RF module is for continuous transmission of car
details like PUC, registration number, drivers license number is attached to the
89S51 controller. The RFID transmitter is placed below bumper for detection of
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zebra crossing. There will be relays, buzzer and LCD interfaced with the 89S51
processor.
1. Relays are used to give indication for cars ignition system.
2. Buzzer will be ON when penalty is charged to the car.
3. LCD will display the penalty charged to the car.
There will be RTC time circuit also which will give all the details of the date and
time of PUC which will thereby give the details of PUC expiry.
SIGNAL UNIT
The RFID reader will be situated at zebra crossing and Trans receiver will
be situated at the signal pole. RFID reader will detect the car when it stands on
the zebra crossing. The RF module will take all detail information of the car and
charges penalty according to the rules.
RTO UNIT
The main control unit is placed at RTO. This will assign the owner his
penalty on detecting the smart card and recover the blocked smart card using the
special code word. As well as it reads and can renew the PUC information.
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
MODULE I: CAR UNIT
Fig 5.1 (a) Module 1 block diagram of the project
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MODULE 2: SIGNAL POLE UNIT AND NO PARKING UNIT
Fig 5.1(b) Module 2 block diagram of the project
MODULE 3: (SPEED LIMIT UNIT)
Fig 5.1(c) Module 3 block diagram of the project
MODULE 4: RTO UNIT
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MAX 232
Fig 5.2 Pin diagram of Max 232
It is 16-pin IC known as voltage converter or line converter. MAX232 is
an electronic circuit that converts signals from an RS232 serial port to signals
suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual
driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The
MAX232 acts as a buffer driver for the processor. It accepts the standard digital
logic values of 0 and 5 volts and converts them to the RS232 standard of +10 and
-10 volts. The MAX232 requires 5 external 1uF capacitors. These are used by the
internal charge pump to create +10 volts and -10 volts. The drivers provide RS-
232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-
chip charge pump and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing
RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to
+ 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated
just for driving the RS-232. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to
convert, it changes TTL logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL logic
1 to between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This
can be confusing when we realize that the RS232 data transmission voltages at a
certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 control line voltages at the same
logic state. In MAX232 there are four capacitors in which the first capacitor, the
negative leg goes to ground and the positive leg goes to pin 16. For the second
capacitor, the negative leg goes to 5 volts and the positive leg goes to pin 2. For
the third capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 3 and the positive leg goes to pin
1. For the fourth capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 5 and the positive leg
goes to pin 4. In our project, it converts the RS232 levels of the fingerprint
scanner to TTL voltage levels of 8052. Using DB-9 (Data Bit) pin connecter, we
13
can connect the MAX232 to the fingerprint scanner. We can connect two devices
at a time to the MAX232.
Liquid crystal display(LCD):
Fig 5.3 Pin diagram of LCD
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs
(seven-segment LEDs or other multi-segment LEDs). This is due to the following
reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast
to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the
CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be
refreshed by the CPU (or in some other way) to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
LCD pin descriptions
The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each
pin is given in the table below.
V
CC
, VSS, and V
EE
While V
CC
and
VSS
provide
+
5V and ground, respectively, V
EE is
used for
controlling LCD contrast.
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RS, Register Select
There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used
for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is
selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at
home, etc. If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to
be displayed on the LCD.
R/W, Read/Write
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read
information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.
E, Enable
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its
data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied
to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This
pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.
D0-D7
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or
read the contents of the LCD?s internal registers.
To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z,
a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.
There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to
clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor.
Table lists the instruction command codes.
We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to
receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and
RS=0, as follows: if R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy
taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new information.
Power supply
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply.
The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer
to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a
pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage
from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage.
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Fig 5.4 Circuit of Power supply
Transformer
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic
equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be
obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to
be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer.
Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.
Rectifier
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this
project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification.
Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the
output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore
a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
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voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order
to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent
the required output voltage levels.
Working procedure
VEHICLE UNIT
RFID TAG: The tag is used for identifying the vehicle which has violated the
traffic rule. Passive RFID tag is used for this identification. The tag will be
mounted on the vehicle. Memory Unit: The smart card stores the car information
like P.U.C expiry date, Insurance, Expiry Date and the fine incurred. EEPROM
chip 24C04 is used as memory SMART CARD. It contains 500 bytes memory.
RTC: DS 1307 is used as a real time clock to keep track of expiry dates.
Microcontroller: AVR ATmega16 microcontroller is used to control and co-
ordinate all the module activities. It is responsible for all the in/out bound
activities of the car module.
LCD: LCD is used to display the messages to the driver when he violates a
traffic rule. The penalty incurred is displayed on the LCD and the reason for
license suspension is also displayed.
Relay: The car unit is linked with the car ignition system. The relay is open
circuit if the card is suspended and closed if the card is not suspended.
Buzzer: It is used to indicate that the license is suspended.
RF transceiver: CC2500 module used to connect and exchange information with
the signal pole unit wirelessly. It is connected to car module through MAX232.
For car ignition the driver has to insert his smart card in the car unit smart card
slot. If any document (e.g. PUC, license) is expired or smart card is not inserted,
then car won?t start and the reason will be displayed on the LCD screen. Thus ,
carrying the smart card with you is mandatory. After checking all the details of
the driver, the system will go for alcohol detection. The user has to blow air near
the alcohol sensor present in car unit. If the content of alcohol in human breath is
found to be more than the set threshold then the ignition of the car will not be
triggered. This prevents drunk driving and accidents caused due to it. In the car
unit we are using 89s51 Microcontroller which will control all the operations.
Smart card is used for storing car details like driver?s license number, PUC,
expiry dates of both as well as the number of penalties that has been charged to
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that driver. We have used EEPROM as a smart card to store all these details. The
89s51 Microcontroller will check these car details, if all the data is as required
then only the car ignition is allowed. RF module is attached to the AVR
Microcontroller. RF module will continuously transmit car details stored in smart
card and also the RPM which will indicate the speed of the car. This RF module
communicates with 89s51 through serial communication; for that MAX 232 IC
and RS 232 cable has been used. Relay has been used to control the ignition of
the car. Real time clock (RTC) is used to provide precise date and time for the
expiry of PUC and license. For the convenience of the user LCD is used to
display all the information about the penalties and other required details. The
buzzer will ring after each penalty is charged to indicate the driver.
SIGNAL POLE UNIT
It is used for displaying the normal operation of a traffic signal. It consists of
LEDs controlled by AVR.
Microcontroller: 89S51 microcontroller is used to control and co-ordinate all the
module activities. It is responsible for all the in/out bound activities of the car
module.
RFID reader: It is used to read the tags of the vehicles which violate traffic
rules. This unit then transmits the information to the microcontroller.
RF transceiver: CC2500 module used to connect and exchange information with
the signal pole unit wirelessly. It is connected to car module through MAX232.
At the traffic signals there will be RFID reader attached to the 89S51
Microcontroller at the signal pole. RFID reader will detect the RFID TAG of the
car which has crossed the road when the signal is red. The RFID TAG is attached
at the bottom of each car, with each TAG having its own different identity.
Warning will be issued to the driver by sending message to the car unit and
penalty will be charged to that particular driver?s smart card only.
SPEED LIMIT AND NO PARKING UNIT
At the speed limit zone and no parking zone also there are RF transceivers.
The speed limit is saved in 89S51 microcontroller at the speed limit zone which
will be continuously transmitted by the RF module attached to the
microcontroller. If the speed of the car is more, then penalty will get charged.
Again in the no parking zone also there is one RF module, if it receives the RF
waves 10 times then it is considered that the car is parked and penalty will be
charged to that car.
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MICROCONTROLLER: 89S51 microcontroller is used to control and co-
ordinate all the module activities. It is responsible for all the in/out bound
activities of the car module.
SMART CARD READER: This block reads the information from the smart
card inserted which is a suspended smart card. This unit is connected to 89S51.
PC: PC is used to store the database. GUI is provided through VB. The smart
card record is cleared if the owner pays his dues.
After each penalty is charged the microcontroller increases the penalty count and
stores it in smart card. There will be a penalty limit (it is 4 in this case) which if
crossed, the car won?t start. To pay the penalty and to clear his smart card, car
owner must go to the authorized RTO centre with his smart card. Our RTO unit is
interfaced serially with the computer. At the RTO centre, there is also one
smart card slot where you need to insert your smart card. Microcontroller will
then scan the smart card and accordingly the penalty count will be displayed on
the LCD screen. The RTO officer will then nullify the penalty by issuing a
command through keyboard.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
We have designed the circuit of “Automatic Penalty Charging For
Violation Of Traffic Rules” as described and the circuit is assembled on PCB.
After assembling the circuit on the PCB, it is checked for its proper connections
before switching on to the power supply.
This project can thus:
1. Drastically reduce bribery, pollution, traffic bottle necking.
2. Reduce paperwork involved.
3. Develop a tamper proof traffic regulation system.
4. The project can be further extended by incorporating toll-collection, Petro-
card, emergency medical treatment systems into it.
5. Also the drivers medical records can be saved in the database and suitable
treatment can be given in case of emergencies.
This will completely revolutionize the travelling experience.
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CONCLUSION
The implementation of Automatic Penalty Charging For Violation
Of Traffic Rules using microcontroller is done successfully. Design is done to
meet all the specifications and requirements. The total circuit is completely
verified functionally and is following the application software.
Implementation of a system which will automatically incur penalty for violation
of traffic rules which in turn will lead to a disciplined traffic in our country.
These efforts will help in minimizing many problems related to traffic which
brings disturbance to the whole system and will help in reducing number of
accidents; traffic jam which consumes our precious time, and will also reduce
pollution to some extent.
This project can also be expanded in future such that our system
monitors the traffic only at the signal poles but it could also be useful in
monitoring the no entry area, one way routes etc. Also in this system a driver
needs to go to the RTO centre for paying the penalty amount he/she has been
charged. Instead of this we can provide other modes of payment like an online
payment mode, mobile payment, pay by mail to the users which is time saving
and quick.
8.1 CURRENT FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF THIS PROJECT
1. Compact and portable units: The proposed units in the project are portable and
can be easily installed and maintained.
2. Reliable Vehicle Identification: The RFID module used is capable of
identifying a particular vehicle regardless of the traffic. Even if multiple vehicles
crossover at same time, there is no ambiguity in vehicle identification.
3. Elimination of Paper work: The project proposes a computer database to be
prepared which will reduce paperwork.
4. Tamper proof system: 89s51 will be programmed using software lock which
will make the system software secured and the system tamper proof.
5. Easy Fine Payment: Fine collecting centres will be conveniently located and
the drivers have to carry only a smart card.
8.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
1. Database: The medicinal and traffic records of the drivers can be maintained
precisely in the database.
2. Traffic manipulation: The traffic analysis for a region can be carried out by
manipulating the traffic flow.
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3. Emergency: The emergency situations can be tackled .This project also tends
to reduce man power, consumes less time for voting and counting and reduces
transportation cost due to its compact size. This can bring a revolutionary change
in the Election procedure. It can be concluded that the design implemented in the
present work provide portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done
with low power consumption.
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