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Network layer The Internet’s network layer is responsible for moving network-layer packets known as datagrams from one host to another. The Internet transport-layer proto￾col (TCP or UDP) in a source host passes a transport-layer segment and a destina￾tion address to the network layer, just as...

Transport layer The Internet’s transport layer transports application-layer messages between application endpoints. In the Internet there are two transport protocols, TCP and UDP, either of which can transport application-layer messages. TCP provides a connection-oriented service to its...

Application layer The application layer is where network applications and their application-layer proto￾cols reside. The Internet’s application layer includes many protocols, such as the HTTP protocol (which provides for Web document request and transfer), SMTP (which pro￾vides for the...

Protocol layering To provide structure to the design of network protocols, network designers organize protocols—and the network hardware and software that implement the protocols— in layers. Each protocol belongs to one of the layers, just as each function in the airline architecture in...

Once a bit is pushed into the link, it needs to propagate to router B. The time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B is the propagation delay. The bit propagates at the propagation speed of the link. The propagation speed depends on the physical medium of the link...

Assuming that packets are transmitted in a first-come-first-served manner, as is com￾mon in packet-switched networks, our packet can be transmitted only after all the packets that have arrived before it have been transmitted. Denote the length of the packet by L bits, and denote the...

What are you most passionate about?

What are you most passionate about?

Animals living in the Amazon, one of the earth's most biodiverse habitats, face an ever-growing threat as loggers and farms advance further and further into the rainforest

I think artificial intelligence is going to replace human intelligence soon Agree?

I think artificial intelligence is going to replace human intelligence soon Agree?

Our aim is to make the tax system: Seamless. Painless. Faceless. In order to achieve that, key reforms have been introduced.

Our aim is to make the tax system: Seamless. Painless. Faceless. In order to achieve that, key reforms have been introduced.

When it comes to education, no certification from the government or any other body can take place of the performance and feedbacks of the alumni. The quality and its desirability lies in the eyes of the budding student who is going to take a life altering decision. We can imagine the quality and...

When it comes to education, no certification from the government or any other body can take place of the performance and feedbacks of the alumni. The quality and its desirability lies in the eyes of the budding student who is going to take a life altering decision. We can imagine the quality and...

Both platforms serve a different purpose effectively and are very much required in the digital age. What do you prefer and why?

75% attendance is too much for enginnering students Anyone related? Share yours views here

As far as the tax system is concerned, we have: Decreased complexity. Decreased taxes. Decreased litigation. Increased transparency. Increased tax compliance. Increased trust on the tax payer.

Country’s largest private-sector rail coach factory coming up in Telangana! Medha Rail Coach Factory is being set up with an investment of Rs.1000 crores in Telangana. The firm will create 2200 employment opportunities (1000 direct and 1200 indirect) in the region.

The Pen is mightier than the sword Agree?